威权主义

威权主义（英语：authoritarianism），又译权威主义，是一种政体或意识形态，其特点为拒绝多元政治，利用强大中央权力维持政治现状。^[1]^[2]

威权领导者不少是时常任意行使权力而不考虑或利用现有法律去扩大权力，公民也通常无法通过自由竞争的选举来替换之，或有限的选举但政府有很大的权力控制选举。权力争夺与统治集团的自由竞争，是有限或不存在的。广义上来说，威权国家包括在选举后始终无法实现政府和反对派权力交替的国家。

威权主义的概念与独裁主义、极权主义、专制主义、威权性格（英语：Authoritarian personality）有差异。^[3]

特征

弱点

美国政治学家黎安友指出：由于合法性薄弱，对强制性的过度依赖，决策的过分集中以及个人权力凌驾于制度规范之上，威权主义制度固有地脆弱。政治学家西奥多·韦斯特尔认为，由于对民众或精英要求的反应不足，威权主义的政治体系可能会削弱，而威权主义倾向于通过施加更严格的控制而非适应来应对挑战，这可能会损害合法性并使其瓦解。

威权政体中的宪政民主

新加坡作为威权宪政主义国家的例子，常与混合政体联系起来。新加坡有民主选举，反对派可以参与选举，但反对派无法达致政权更替，传媒宣传受到限制，执政党人民行动党亦通过不公平的选举制度打击反对派。

暴力

2017年的研究发现，一个国家的政变防范策略受到历史相似的其他国家的严重影响。2018年，《和平研究》杂志的研究发现在政变企图中幸存并通过清除异已和潜在竞争对手的领导人的任期可能更长。2019年，《冲突管理与和平科学》研究发现，个人专政比其他独裁政权更可能防范政变；作者认为这是因为“个人独裁的特征是机构薄弱，支持基础狭窄，缺乏统一的意识形态以及与统治者的非正式联系。

根据2019年的一项研究，个人专政比其他形式的专政更具压制性。

定义与分类

从古代的君主专制到极权主义政体，都可以被称为威权主义，而从一些专于研究纳粹的人认为，同期的法西斯意大利、日本军国主义以及中华民国训政时期，都缺乏像纳粹般完整的极权主义本质，但又有很多地方是相似的，一定都是威权主义政体。而且日本和意大利当时仍然是君主立宪制国家，所以可见其可变性和模糊性。

非极权的威权主义也异于极权主义，因为威权政府通常没有高度发展的指导意识形态，在社会组织方面多元化，并且缺乏动员全国的力量^[4]。

举例

自2014、15年起，不少学者及政治评论员均指出，香港政府正迈向威权主义^[5]，表征包括：否定三权分立的存在，而坚称香港是行政主导；放弃沿用多年的“积极不干预”政策^[6]；以至对反对派的大举围捕及起诉等等^[7]。

参见

参考文献

^ Kalu, Kalu N. A Functional Theory of Government, Law, and Institutions. Rowman & Littlefield. 2019: 161–. ISBN 978-1-4985-8703-7. OCLC 1105988740.
^ Cerutti, Furio. Conceptualizing Politics: An Introduction to Political Philosophy. Routledge. 2017: 17. Political scientists have outlined elaborated typologies of authoritarianism, from which it is not easy to draw a generally accepted definition; it seems that its main features are the non-acceptance of conflict and plurality as normal elements of politics, the will to preserve the status quo and prevent change by keeping all political dynamics under close control by a strong central power, and lastly, the erosion of the rule of law, the division of powers, and democratic voting procedures.
^ 獨裁主義；權威主義 authoritarianism. 雙語詞彙資料庫學術名詞資訊網辭書資訊網. 国家教育研究院. 2012 [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-01）.
^ Authoritarianism. Encyclopædia Britannica. 大英线上英文版. 2013 [2014-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-19）. authoritarianism, principle of blind submission to authority, as opposed to individual freedom of thought and action. In government, authoritarianism denotes any political system that concentrates power in the hands of a leader or a small elite that is not constitutionally responsible to the body of the people. Authoritarian leaders often exercise power arbitrarily and without regard to existing bodies of law, and they usually cannot be replaced by citizens choosing freely among various competitors in elections. The freedom to create opposition political parties or other alternative political groupings with which to compete for power with the ruling group is either limited or nonexistent in authoritarian regimes.
^ 林泉忠. 香港政體的威權主義化. 明报月刊. 2017-07 [2022-02-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-07）.
^ 袁弥昌. 香港正在擺脫還是邁向威權新自由主義？. 灼见名家. 2021-05-21 [2022-02-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-07）.
^ 沙磊. 中國人大按照自己的形象重塑香港. BBC. 2021-03-13 [2022-02-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-07）.

[Kalu2019-1] Kalu, Kalu N. A Functional Theory of Government, Law, and Institutions. Rowman & Littlefield. 2019: 161–. ISBN 978-1-4985-8703-7. OCLC 1105988740.

[Cerutti-2] Cerutti, Furio. Conceptualizing Politics: An Introduction to Political Philosophy. Routledge. 2017: 17. Political scientists have outlined elaborated typologies of authoritarianism, from which it is not easy to draw a generally accepted definition; it seems that its main features are the non-acceptance of conflict and plurality as normal elements of politics, the will to preserve the status quo and prevent change by keeping all political dynamics under close control by a strong central power, and lastly, the erosion of the rule of law, the division of powers, and democratic voting procedures.

[2012國家教育研究院-3] 獨裁主義；權威主義 authoritarianism. 雙語詞彙資料庫學術名詞資訊網辭書資訊網. 国家教育研究院. 2012 [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-01）.

[Authoritarianism_Encyclopædia_Britannica-4] Authoritarianism. Encyclopædia Britannica. 大英线上英文版. 2013 [2014-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-19）. authoritarianism, principle of blind submission to authority, as opposed to individual freedom of thought and action. In government, authoritarianism denotes any political system that concentrates power in the hands of a leader or a small elite that is not constitutionally responsible to the body of the people. Authoritarian leaders often exercise power arbitrarily and without regard to existing bodies of law, and they usually cannot be replaced by citizens choosing freely among various competitors in elections. The freedom to create opposition political parties or other alternative political groupings with which to compete for power with the ruling group is either limited or nonexistent in authoritarian regimes.

[5] 林泉忠. 香港政體的威權主義化. 明报月刊. 2017-07 [2022-02-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-07）.

[6] 袁弥昌. 香港正在擺脫還是邁向威權新自由主義？. 灼见名家. 2021-05-21 [2022-02-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-07）.

[7] 沙磊. 中國人大按照自己的形象重塑香港. BBC. 2021-03-13 [2022-02-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-07）.

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