跳转到内容

中等强国

维基百科，自由的百科全书

中等强国（英语：Middle power）是一个于国际关系中使用的一个词。中等强国是用来描述一些并非超级大国或列强，但在国际上有一定影响力的国家。国际社会仍未对中等强国的定义有共识。

定义

[编辑]

中等强国并没有统一的定义。某些研究人员以GNP来划分中等强国。在经济方面来说，中等强国普遍上是指国家的经济体系不大，但也不小。但是，经济并不是划分中等强国的标准。在原本的定义中，中等强国指一个国家对国际某程度上有一些影响力，但其影响力并不遍布世界每个角落。但是，这个定义并没有成为标准。因此，某些中等强国列表中可能包含“大国”或“小国”。

中等强国的外交

[编辑]
G-20 的会议。G-20众国中，大部分国家都是中等强国，只有小部分才是大国。

中等强国外交特点：[1]

  • 通过全球性组织进行多方合作和与其他中等强国结盟。[2]
  • 对外政策有极大程度的公民社会的参与。
  • 国家认同建立并反映于“新颖的外交政策”上，如维持和平、人类安全保障、加入国际刑事法院、参加京都议定书等环保条约等。

中等强国列表

[编辑]

以下是一个中等强国列表，所有被列出的国家皆被学者或专家承认其中等强国的地位。只是中等强国和大国之间的重复国家，以及中等强国和小国之间的重复国家，其边界定义模糊。

美国、中国、法国、英国、俄罗斯通常都被认定为大国，而非中等强国，全因其军事和战略地位显赫，以及其有核国家、联合国安理会常任理事国的地位。而美国更加是全球唯一的超级大国。

日本、德国、印度、巴西有时被认定为大国，而非中等强国。原因是这四国，为最有实力争取联合国安全理事会常任理事国扩增改革的新成员候选国；这四国并组成四国联盟，希望通过相互支持，推动未来改革的成功。此外，这四国在国际间也拥有不小的影响力，其中日本、德国是七大工业国组织成员国，而印度、巴西则是金砖国家成员国。

参见

[编辑]

参考

[编辑]
  1. ^ Yoshihide, Soeya. Middle Power Diplomacy. [2020-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）. 
  2. ^ Patrick James; Mark J. Kasoff. Canadian studies in the new millennium. University of Toronto Press. 2008: 265 [2012-10-12]. ISBN 978-0-8020-9468-1. （原始内容存档于2014-06-27）. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Jordaan, Edward. The concept of a middle power in international relations. [14 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Tobias Harris, 'Japan Accepts its "Middle-Power" Fate'. Far Eastern Economic Review Vol. 171, No. 6 (2008), p. 45: 'Japan is settling into a position as a middle power in Asia, sitting uneasily between the U.S., its security ally, and China, its most important economic partner. In this it finds itself in a situation similar to Australia, India, South Korea and the members of Asean.'
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Buzan, Barry. The United States and the Great Powers. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. 2004: 71. ISBN 0-7456-3375-7. 
  6. ^ Hazleton WA (2005) Middle Power Bandwagoning? Australia's Security Relationship with the United States （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, allacademic
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Yasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world', Asia Times (20 September 2011): 'Countries often categorized as middle power (MP) include Australia, Canada and Japan. The reasons for this categorization are the nations' advanced political-economic stature as well as their significant contribution to international cooperation and development. India and Brazil have recently become considered middle powers because of their rise in the global arena—particularly with the emerging notion of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China).'
  8. ^ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 Solomon S (1997) South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, ISS
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Spero, Joshua. Bridging the European Divide. Rowman & Littlefield. 2004: 206. ISBN 9780742535534. ISBN 0-7425-3553-3. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Wurst J (2006) Middle Powers Initiative Briefing Paper （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, GSI
  11. ^ Cooper AF (1997) Niche Diplomacy - Middle Powers after the Cold War （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, palgrave
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Bernard Wood, 'Towards North-South Middle Power Coalitions', in Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension, edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).
  13. ^ Higgott RA, Cooper AF (1990) Middle Power Leadership and Coalition Building
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Inoguchi K (2002) The UN Disarmament Conference in Kyote （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  15. ^ From Rwanda to Darfur: Lessons learned? - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan. www.sudantribune.com. [2021-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-01）. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Behringer RM (2005) Middle Power Leadership on the Human Security Agenda （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, SAGE
  17. ^ Crosby AD (1997) A Middle-Power Military in Alliance: Canada and NORAD, JSTOR
  18. ^ Petersen K (2003) Quest to Reify Canada as a Middle Power （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Dissident Voice
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Heine J (2006) On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, ISN
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Ping, Jonathan H. Middle Power Statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Asia Pacific. Ashgate. 2005: 103 [2021-04-15]. ISBN 978-0-7546-4467-5. （原始内容存档于2021-06-01） （英语）. 
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Pratt C (1990) Middle Power Internationalism （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, MQUP
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Andrew F. Cooper, Agata Antkiewicz and Timothy M. Shaw, 'Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?', International Studies Review, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Winter, 2007), pp. 675, 687.
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Ploughshares Monitor (1997) Scrapping the Bomb: The role of middle power countries （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  24. ^ Gilley, Bruce. Opinion | The Rise of the Middle Powers. The New York Times. 2012-09-11 [2021-04-15]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始内容存档于2019-05-18） （美国英语）. 
  25. ^ Veremēs, Thanos. The Military in Greek Politics: From Independence to Democracy. Black Rose Books. 1997 [2021-04-15]. ISBN 978-1-55164-105-8. （原始内容存档于2021-06-01） （英语）. 
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Jonathan H. Ping, Middle Power Statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Asia Pacific (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2005).
  27. ^ Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension, edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).
  28. ^ LRB · John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt: The Israel Lobby. [2015-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2009-08-15）. 
  29. ^ "Operation Alba may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy." See Federiga Bindi, Italy and the European Union (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), p. 171.
  30. ^ "Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9.
  31. ^ 31.0 31.1 Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond Hinnesbusch, Syria and Iran: Middle Power in a Penetrated Regional System (London: Routledge, 1997).
  32. ^ 32.0 32.1 Samhat, Nayef H. Middle Powers and American Foreign Policy: Lessons from Irano-U. S. Relations, 1962-77. Policy Studies Journal. 2000-02, 28 (1): 11–26. ISSN 0190-292X. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2000.tb02013.x. 
  33. ^ Ahouie M (2004) Iran Analysis Quarterly （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, MIT
  34. ^ Foreign Affairs Committee (2006) Iran （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  35. ^ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Mace, Gordon; Bélanger, Louis. The Americas in Transition: The Contours of Regionalism. Lynne Rienner Publishers. 1999: 153 [2021-04-15]. ISBN 978-1-55587-717-0. （原始内容存档于2021-06-01） （英语）. 
  36. ^ Kim R. Nossal and Richard Stubbs, 'Mahathir's Malaysia: An Emerging Middle Power?' in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
  37. ^ Louis Belanger and Gordon Mace, 'Middle Powers and Regionalism in the Americas: The Cases of Argentina and Mexico', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
  38. ^ 38.0 38.1 Pierre G. Goad, 'Middle Powers to the Rescue?', Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 163, No. 24 (2000), p. 69.
  39. ^ Pellicer O (2006) Mexico – a Reluctant Middle Power? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, FES
  40. ^ Middle Powers Initiative (2004) Building Bridges: What Middle Power Countries Should Do To Strengthen the NPT （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, GSI
  41. ^ Cooper, Andrew F. Middle Powers: Squeezed out or Adaptive?. Public Diplomacy Magazine. [12 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2017-06-29）. 
  42. ^ Kamrava, Mehran. Mediation and Qatari Foreign Policy (PDF). [12 March 2015]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013年10月7日）. 
  43. ^ 43.0 43.1 Gladys Lechini, Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation. NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 40, No. 5 (2007): 28-33: 'Today, a new, more selective South-South cooperation has appeared, bringing some hope to the people of our regions. The trilateral alliance known as the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, exemplifies the trend … The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests. All three consider themselves "middle powers" and leaders of their respective regions, yet they have also been subject to pressures from the North.'
  44. ^ Daniel Flemes, Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. Hamburg: GIGA, 2007.
  45. ^ Kirton J (2006) Harper’s Foreign Policy Success? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  46. ^ 46.0 46.1 according to Yves Lacoste, Géopolitique, Larousse, 2009,p. 134, both Spain and Portugal exert a real influence in Africa and in the Americas.
  47. ^ 47.0 47.1 Laipson, Ellen. The UAE and Egypt’s New Frontier in Libya. The National Interest. 3 September 2014 [26 October 2014]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-13）. 
  48. ^ 48.0 48.1 Evans, Gareth. Middle Power Diplomacy. 29 June 2011 [26 October 2014]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-13）. 
  49. ^ findarticles.com. [2015-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2012-05-29）. 
  50. ^ US Election & the World. YaleGlobal Online. [2021-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2004-08-26）. 
  51. ^ Peter Vale, 'South Africa: Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
  52. ^ Janis Van Der Westhuizen, 'South Africa's Emergence as a Middle Power', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1998), pp. 435-455.
  53. ^ Pfister R (2006) The Apartheid Republuc and African States （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, H-Net
  54. ^ Flemes, Daniel. Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspectives of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2007. ISSN 1556-5068. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1007692 （英语）. 
  55. ^ Loo BF (2005) Transforming Singapore's Military Security Landscape: Problems and Prospects （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, allacademic
  56. ^ Tan ATH (1999) Singapore's Defence: Capabilities, Trends, and Implications （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, questia
  57. ^ Rudengren J, Gisle P, Brann K (1995) Middle Power Clout: Sweden And The Development Banks （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  58. ^ Armstrong DF (1997) South Korea's foreign policy in the post-Cold War era: A middle power perspective （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  59. ^ Gilbert Rozman, 'South Korea and Sino-Japanese Rivalry: A Middle Power's Options Within the East Asia Core Triangle', Pacific Review, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2007), pp. 197-220.
  60. ^ Woosang Kim, 'Korea as a Middle Power in Northeast Asian Security, in The United States and Northeast Asia: Debates, Issues, and New Order, edited by G. John Ikenbgerry and Chung-in Moon (Lantham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008).
  61. ^ Sheridan, Greg. The plucky country and the lucky country draw closer. The Australian. 27 November 2008 [2012-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2012-09-12）. 
  62. ^ 62.0 62.1 Meltem Myftyler and Myberra Yyksel, 'Turkey: A Middle Power in the New Order', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).

外部链接

[编辑]

延伸阅读

[编辑]
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=中等強國&oldid=82738943”