波氏爪龍
波氏爪龍屬 化石時期：晚白堊世,
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科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
| 綱： | 蜥形綱 Sauropsida |
| 總目： | 恐龍總目 Dinosauria |
| 目： | 蜥臀目 Saurischia |
| 亞目： | 獸腳亞目 Theropoda |
| 科： | †阿瓦拉慈龍科 Alvarezsauridae |
| 亞科： | †巴塔哥尼亞爪龍亞科 Patagonykinae |
| 屬： | †波氏爪龍屬 Bonapartenykus Agnolin et al., 2012 |
| 模式種 | |
| †最晚波氏爪龍 Bonapartenykus ultimus Agnolin et al., 2012
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波氏爪龍（屬名：Bonapartenykus，意為「何塞·波拿巴的爪」）是阿瓦拉慈龍科的獸腳類恐龍單型屬，化石發現於阿根廷巴塔哥尼亞內格羅河省艾倫組上部層位，地質年代為晚白堊世坎潘期-馬斯垂克期。模式種兼唯一種最晚波氏爪龍（Bonapartenykus ultimus）於2012年由費德里科·阿格諾林（Federico L. Agnolin）、海梅·鮑威爾、費爾南多·諾瓦斯、馬丁·昆德拉特（Martin Kundrát）所命名、發表，已知標本是一具關節幾乎相連但部分保存的骨骼，同時還發現了密切相關的兩顆不完整的蛋和數簇蛋殼碎片歸屬於蛋化石屬阿里亞加達蛋屬。[1]估計波氏爪龍身長2.5公尺及體重72公斤，使之成為阿爾瓦雷斯科體型最大的物種。[2]
發現
[編輯]
在阿根廷巴塔哥尼亞西北部艾倫層上部河相砂岩約30平方公尺的面積採集到一具帶卵的獸腳類部分骨骼。[3]當地還產出鴨嘴龍科、甲龍類、數種泰坦巨龍類、數種阿貝力龍科、未定堅尾龍類、一種不完整的大型亞佛瑞茲龍科、一種大型半鳥科。[1]薩爾加多等人於2009年以某種未定亞佛瑞茲龍科之名首度提及該標本。[3]後來2012年安諾林、波維爾、諾瓦斯、昆札特重新將標本進行描述並命名。正模標本MPCA, 1290由中部背椎、成對肩胛鳥喙骨、左脛骨和股骨、與腸骨的恥腳連接的恥骨、左腸骨前段；還有兩顆部分保存的蛋，與正模相距不到20公分；另外兩件屬於同一個體的標本MGPIFD-GR 166和MGPIFD-GR 184：左肩胛骨、左鳥喙骨、右恥骨遠端、四個頸椎、單一個尾椎；以上標本皆歸入波氏爪龍。[1]
波氏爪龍的蛋因足夠獨特而被指定為新的副分類名阿里亞加杜蛋屬，並建立自己的科阿里亞加杜蛋科，以發現地的土地擁有者命名。[1]
屬名致敬阿根廷古生物學家何塞·波拿巴，加上拉丁語nykus（爪子）象徵亞佛瑞茲龍科常用的字尾。種名ultimus在拉丁語意為「最新的」，代表是南美洲地質年代最年輕的亞佛瑞茲龍科物種之一。[1]
描述
[編輯]體型與鑑定特徵
[編輯]2012年的論文估計波氏爪龍身長2.5公尺。[1]2016年莫里納裴瑞茲和拉臘曼迪的書估計身長2.9公尺及體重34公斤，成為亞佛瑞茲龍科中體型最大的物種。[2]
2012年的論文列出波氏爪龍的鑑定特徵：中部背椎後關節突之上有突然終止的棘後關節突椎板存在；鳥喙骨下側朝中央大幅傾斜並有大量細密的凹陷，如同西峽爪龍；像角爪龍一樣的肩胛鳥喙骨融合；肩胛骨後緣有道相當寬闊的凹槽；腸骨和恥骨融合。[1]
分類
[編輯]安諾林等人（2012）把波氏爪龍置於亞佛瑞茲龍科的單系群演化支巴塔哥爪龍亞科，與巴塔哥爪龍互成姊妹群，如下所示：[1]
| 亞佛瑞茲龍科 Alvarezsauridae |
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馬科維奇、阿佩斯特古雅、賈內齊尼（2012）則將波氏爪龍與纖腿龍、巴塔哥爪龍列於並系群，其中還包括更進階物種如臨河爪龍、單爪龍、游光爪龍。[4]但徐星等人（2018）將巴塔哥爪龍列於亞佛瑞茲龍類的基礎物種，與巴塔哥爪龍、阿基里斯龍互成姊妹群，弗勒等人（2020）亦得出相同結果，如下所示：[5][6]
| 亞佛瑞茲龍類 Alvarezsauroidea |
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而秦等人（2019）發現波氏爪龍同時作為巴塔哥爪龍與亞佛瑞茲龍科的姊妹群。[7]阿維葉諾夫和洛帕汀（2022a）、阿維葉諾夫和洛帕汀（2022b）則把波氏爪龍置於亞佛瑞茲龍科之外、僅與巴塔哥爪龍互為姊妹群。[8][9]
古生態學
[編輯]
發現波氏爪龍的艾倫層由一系列環境組成，包含暫時性湖泊、風成河積、河口潮間帶的沿海地帶。2015年阿瑪斯和桑切斯探討了艾倫層海岸與風成環境的交互作用，發現屬於混合潮間帶系統，部分地區呈現出受風暴大幅度影響。[10]
艾倫層的動物相由蜥腳類的波拿巨龍[11]、深潭龍[12]、泛美龍[13]、洛卡龍[14]、風神龍未定種[15]；鴨嘴龍科的波拿巴龍[16]、赤原龍[17]、拉潘帕龍[18]、南似鴨龍[19]；某種未定結節龍科[20]；阿貝力龍科迷霧龍[21]、基爾梅龍[22]；大型半鳥科南方盜龍[23]；鳥翼類拉馬奎鳥[24]、閾鳥[25]；神龍翼龍科的風巨神翼龍[26]；喙頭目拉馬奎蜥[27]；蛇頸龍類卡瓦游龍[28]。
參考來源
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Federico L. Agnolin; Jaime E. Powell; Fernando E. Novas & Martin Kundrát. New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs. Cretaceous Research. June 2012, 35: 33–56. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.014.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Molina-Pérez & Larramendi. Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos. Spain: Larousse. 2016: 269.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Salgado, Leonardo; A. Coria, Rodolfo; B. Arcucci, Andrea; M. Chiappe, Luis. Farke , 編. Restos de Alvarezsauridae (Theropoda, Coelurosauria) en la Formación Alien (Campaniano-Maastrichtiano), en Salitral Ojo de Agua, Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. Andean Geology. 2009, 36 (1): 67–80. doi:10.4067/S0718-71062009000100006.
- ^ Makovicky, P. J.; Apesteguía, S. N.; Gianechini, F. A. A New Coelurosaurian Theropod from the La Buitrera Fossil Locality of Río Negro, Argentina. Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences. 2012, 5: 90–98. S2CID 129758444. doi:10.3158/2158-5520-5.1.90.
- ^ Xu, Xing; Choiniere, Jonah; Tan, Qingwei; Benson, Roger B.J; Clark, James; Sullivan, Corwin; Zhao, Qi; Han, Fenglu; Ma, Qingyu; He, Yiming; Wang, Shuo; Xing, Hai; Tan, Lin. Two Early Cretaceous Fossils Document Transitional Stages in Alvarezsaurian Dinosaur Evolution. Current Biology. 2018, 28: 2853–2860.e3. PMID 30146153. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.057
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- ^ Denver W. Fowler; John P. Wilson; Elizabeth A. Freedman Fowler; Christopher R. Noto; Daniel Anduza; John R. Horner. Trierarchuncus prairiensis gen. et sp. nov., the last alvarezsaurid: Hell Creek Formation (uppermost Maastrichtian), Montana. Cretaceous Research. 2020, 116: Article 104560. S2CID 225630913. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104560.
- ^ Qin, Zichuan; Clark, James; Choiniere, Jonah; Xu, Xing. A new alvarezsaurian theropod from the Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of western China. Scientific Reports. 2019, 9 (1): 11727. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48148-7.
- ^ Alexander O. Averianov; Alexey V. Lopatin. A new alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Gobi Desert, Mongolia. Cretaceous Research. 19 February 2022, 134 [19 February 2022]. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105168. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-19）.
- ^ Averianov AO, Lopatin AV. A re-appraisal of Parvicursor remotus from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia: implications for the phylogeny and taxonomy of alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2022,. in press: 1–32. doi:10.1080/14772019.2021.2013965.
- ^ Armas, Paul; Lidia Sánchez, María. Hybrid coastal edges in the Neuquén Basin (Allen Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Argentina). Andean Geology. 2015, 42 (1): 97–113. doi:10.5027/andgeoV42n1-a06.
- ^ Martinelli, A. and Forasiepi, A.M. (2004). "Late Cretaceous vertebrates from Bajo de Santa Rosa (Allen Formation), Rio Negro province, Argentina, with the description of a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauridae)". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 6(2): 257–305.
- ^ Rolando MA, Garcia Marsà JA, Agnolín FL, Motta MJ, Rodazilla S, Novas FE. The sauropod record of Salitral Ojo del Agua: An Upper Cretaceous (Allen Formation) fossiliferous locality from northern Patagonia, Argentina. Cretaceous Research. 2022, 129: 105029. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105029 （英語）.
- ^ Calvo, J.O. & Porfiri, J.D. Panamericansaurus schroederi gen. nov. sp. nov. Un nuevo Sauropoda (Titanosauridae-Aeolosaurini) de la Provincia del Neuquén, Cretácico Superior de Patagonia, Argentina. Brazilian Geographical Journal: Geosciences and Humanities research medium. 2010, 1: 100–115 [2022-04-24]. （原始內容存檔於2012-03-13）.
- ^ Salgado, L. and C. Azpilicueta. (2000). Un nuevo saltasaurino (Sauropoda, Titanosauridae) de la provincia de Río Negro (Formacíon Allen, Cretácico Superior), Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghiniana 37 (3):259-264.
- ^ Salgado, Leonardo; Coria, Rodolfo A. El genero Aeolosaurus (Sauropoda, Titanosauridae) en la Formacion Allen (Campaniano-Maastrichtiano) de la provincia de Rio Negro, Argentina. Ameghiniana. 1993, 30 (2): 119–128.
- ^ Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Powell, J. E. Bonapartesaurus rionegrensis, a new hadrosaurine dinosaur from South America: implications for phylogenetic and biogeographic relations with North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2017, 37 (In press): 1–16. S2CID 90963879. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1289381.
- ^ Rozadilla, Sebastián; Brissón-Egli, Federico; Lisandro Agnolín, Federico; Aranciaga-Rolando, Alexis Mauro; Novas, Fernando Emilio. A new hadrosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Late Cretaceous of northern Patagonia and the radiation of South American hadrosaurids. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2022 [2022-04-24]. doi:10.1080/14772019.2021.2020917. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-25）.
- ^ Rodolfo A. Coria, Bernardo González Riga and Silvio Casadío. Un nuevo hadrosáurido (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) de la Formación Allen, provincia de La Pampa, Argentina. Ameghiniana. 2012, 49 (4): 552–572 [2022-04-24]. S2CID 131521822. doi:10.5710/AMGH.9.4.2012.487. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-27）.
- ^ Rubén D. Juárez Valieri; José A. Haro; Lucas E. Fiorelli & Jorge O. Calvo. A new hadrosauroid (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Allen Formation (Late Cretaceous) of Patagonia, Argentina (PDF). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. New Series. 2010, 11 (2): 217–231 [2022-04-24]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-09-03）.
- ^ Arbour, Victoria M.; Currie, Philip J. Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2016-05-03, 14 (5): 385–444. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 214625754. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985.
- ^ Aranciaga Rolando, Mauro; Cerroni, Mauricio A.; Garcia Marsà, Jordi A.; Agnolín, Federico L.; Motta, Matías J.; Rozadilla, Sebastián; Brisson Eglí, Federico; Novas, Fernando E. A new medium-sized abelisaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the late cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Allen Formation of Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 2020-10-14, 105: 102915. ISSN 0895-9811. S2CID 225123133. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102915 （英語）.
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- ^ Clarke and Chiappe, 2001. "A new carinate bird from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina)". American Museum Novitates. 3323, 1-23.
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