国家地区代码
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国家象征 |
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Oceania_ISO_3166-1.svg/300px-Oceania_ISO_3166-1.svg.png)
各国相关 |
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查 · 论 · 编 |
国家地区代码或称国家地区编码(英语:country codes),简称国码[1],是用来标志国家的一组缩写或符号[2],在国家地区代码的标准化[3]及实务上,有多种国际公认的国家和其领土代码 [4][5]。
国家地区代码通常由字母或数字组成的短字符串[6],是建立高素质的元数据[3]、处理地理空间资讯及制图[6][7]、 互联网域名通讯及治理[8][9]、企业[10][11]及国际货物进出口数据管理[10]的依据。
常见国家地区代码
[编辑]实务上,有多种国际公认的国家和其领土代码 [4][5],如国际标准化组织订立的ISO 3166-1、美国国家地理空间情报局权威维护的FIPS国码列表、顶级域中的国家或地区域名列表等等。
图书馆学及资讯学
[编辑]在电子档案管理基础[1]及图书馆学及资讯学方面,如机读编目格式标准,亦有国码字段,其值必须唯一且采用ISO 3166-1的“国名编码表”[1][12]。
地理资讯系统
[编辑]在地理资讯和地理资讯系统(英语:GIS)领域,国家地区代码为使用字母数字代码来进行地理空间数据处理的例子之一[6]。在国际地理资讯标准中,国家地区代码通常是2至3码,为数据库查表求找国家全名等资料的依据[7]。自由软件的地理资讯系统软件QGIS教程中有示范如何便用国家地区代码来进行资料查找及集成。[13]
国家地区代码顶级域
[编辑]国家和地区顶级域名[14]又译顶级国码域名[15]用两字母的国家或地区名缩写代称的顶级域[9][14],其域名的指定及分配,政治因素考量凌驾在技术和商业因素之上[16]。
ICANN及其前身组织IANN一直试图避免但本质上无法避免的“什么是一个国家”问题,说明了政治如何隐含在互联网域名例子,如2000年3月ICANN设立了.ps域名代表巴勒斯坦民族权力机构,2003年中国向ICANN及美国提问为什么存有台湾域名(.tw),这有似有合理化台湾为独立国家,而中国视其为一省[8]。
在互联网发展初展,约翰·普斯特尔及其同僚决定使用国际标准化组织订立的二码国码,而其中许多国码并非有主权政府或国家[17]如香港[8]。学者John Mathiason认为他们使用国际标准化组织订立的标准这样做造就了两个政治错误,其一是使用的国际标准化组织列表[18]是“政治不正确”(英语:not politically correct)的,在中国域名(.cn)[19]及香港域名(.hk)[20]之外,学者John Mathiason认为IANN早期做的第二个政治错误是,当IANA设立国家地区代码时没有任何程序来决定哪些组织具有域名提供注册服务的官方权威,而一些域名因其在英语的意义有价值如可用做电视节目的.tv域名(图瓦卢,英语:Tuvalu)等等,而因此许多国家没有其国家的登记单位,让私人获取了分配国家地区代码域名的权威。[来源请求]
列表
[编辑]美国中央情报局出版的调查报告《世界概况》附录中有集成摘要国家数据代码交叉引用表如下:[21]
政治实体 | GEC代码[注 1] | ISO 3166-1 二位字母代码 |
ISO 3166-1 三位字母代码 |
ISO 3166-1 三位数字代码 |
STANAG 1059 Stanag标准化国码 |
互联网顶级域 | 注说 |
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AF | AF | AFG | 004 | AFG | .af | |
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AL | AL | ALB | 008 | ALB | .al | |
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AG | DZ | DZA | 012 | DZA | .dz | |
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AQ | AS | ASM | 016 | ASM | .as | |
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AN | AD | AND | 020 | AND | .ad | |
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AO | AO | AGO | 024 | AGO | .ao | |
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AV | AI | AIA | 660 | AIA | .ai | |
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AY | AQ | ATA | 010 | ATA | .aq | ISO定义为位于南纬60°之南 |
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AC | AG | ATG | 028 | ATG | .ag | |
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AR | AR | ARG | 032 | ARG | .ar | |
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AM | AM | ARM | 051 | ARM | .am | |
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AA | AW | ABW | 533 | ABW | .aw | |
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AS | AU | AUS | 036 | AUS | .au | ISO定义包括阿什莫尔和卡捷岛,珊瑚海群岛 |
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AU | AT | AUT | 040 | AUT | .at | |
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AJ | AZ | AZE | 031 | AZE | .az | |
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BF | BS | BHS | 044 | BHS | .bs | |
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BA | BH | BHR | 048 | BHR | .bh | |
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BG | BD | BGD | 050 | BGD | .bd | |
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BB | BB | BRB | 052 | BRB | .bb | |
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BO | BY | BLR | 112 | BLR | .by | |
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BE | BE | BEL | 056 | BEL | .be | |
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BH | BZ | BLZ | 084 | BLZ | .bz | |
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BN | BJ | BEN | 204 | BEN | .bj | |
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BD | BM | BMU | 060 | BMU | .bm | |
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BT | BT | BTN | 064 | BTN | .bt | |
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BL | BO | BOL | 068 | BOL | .bo | |
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BK | BA | BIH | 070 | BIH | .ba | |
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BC | BW | BWA | 072 | BWA | .bw | |
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BV | BV | BVT | 074 | BVT | .bv | |
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BR | BR | BRA | 076 | BRA | .br | |
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IO | IO | IOT | 086 | IOT | .io | |
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VI | VG | VGB | 092 | VGB | .vg | |
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BX | BN | BRN | 096 | BRN | .bn | |
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BU | BG | BGR | 100 | BGR | .bg | |
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UV | BF | BFA | 854 | BFA | .bf | |
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BM | MM | MMR | 104 | MMR | .mm | 国际标准化组织采用名称为英语:Myanmar。 |
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BY | BI | BDI | 108 | BDI | .bi | |
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CV | CV | CPV | 132 | CPV | .cv | |
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CB | KH | KHM | 116 | KHM | .kh | |
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CM | CM | CMR | 120 | CMR | .cm | |
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CA | CA | CAN | 124 | CAN | .ca | |
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CJ | KY | CYM | 136 | CYM | .ky | |
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CT | CF | CAF | 140 | CAF | .cf | |
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CD | TD | TCD | 148 | TCD | .td | |
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CI | CL | CHL | 152 | CHL | .cl | |
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CH | CN | CHN | 156 | CHN | .cn | |
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KT | CX | CXR | 162 | CXR | .cx | |
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CK | CC | CCK | 166 | AUS | .cc | |
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CO | CO | COL | 170 | COL | .co | |
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CN | KM | COM | 174 | COM | .km | |
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CG | CD | COD | 180 | COD | .cd | 参见![]() |
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CF | CG | COG | 178 | COG | .cg | |
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CW | CK | COK | 184 | COK | .ck | |
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CS | CR | CRI | 188 | CRI | .cr | |
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IV | CI | CIV | 384 | CIV | .ci | |
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HR | HR | HRV | 191 | HRV | .hr | |
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CU | CU | CUB | 192 | CUB | .cu | |
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UC | CW | CUW | 531 | 不适用 | .cw | |
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CY | CY | CYP | 196 | CYP | .cy | |
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EZ | CZ | CZE | 203 | CZE | .cz | |
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DA | DK | DNK | 208 | DNK | .dk | |
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DJ | DJ | DJI | 262 | DJI | .dj | |
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DO | DM | DMA | 212 | DMA | .dm | |
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DR | DO | DOM | 214 | DOM | .do | |
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EC | EC | ECU | 218 | ECU | .ec | |
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EG | EG | EGY | 818 | EGY | .eg | |
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ES | SV | SLV | 222 | SLV | .sv | |
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EK | GQ | GNQ | 226 | GNQ | .gq | |
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ER | ER | ERI | 232 | ERI | .er | |
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EN | EE | EST | 233 | EST | .ee | |
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ET | ET | ETH | 231 | ETH | .et | |
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FK | FK | FLK | 238 | FLK | .fk | |
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FO | FO | FRO | 234 | FRO | .fo | |
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FJ | FJ | FJI | 242 | FJI | .fj | |
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FI | FI | FIN | 246 | FIN | .fi | |
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FR | FR | FRA | 250 | FRA | .fr | ISO定义包括法国本土以及海外领土 |
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FX | FX | FXX | 249 | 不适用 | 不适用 | ISO定义限法国本土 |
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FG | GF | GUF | 254 | GUF | .gf | |
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FP | PF | PYF | 258 | PYF | .pf | |
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FS | TF | ATF | 260 | ATF | .tf | |
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GB | GA | GAB | 266 | GAB | .ga | |
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GA | GM | GMB | 270 | GMB | .gm | |
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GZ | PS | PSE | 275 | PSE | .ps | |
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GG | GE | GEO | 268 | GEO | .ge | |
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GM | DE | DEU | 276 | DEU | .de | |
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GH | GH | GHA | 288 | GHA | .gh | |
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GI | GI | GIB | 292 | GIB | .gi | |
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GR | GR | GRC | 300 | GRC | .gr | |
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GL | GL | GRL | 304 | GRL | .gl | |
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GJ | GD | GRD | 308 | GRD | .gd | |
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GP | GP | GLP | 312 | GLP | .gp | |
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GQ | GU | GUM | 316 | GUM | .gu | |
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GT | GT | GTM | 320 | GTM | .gt | |
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GK | GG | GGY | 831 | 不适用 | .gg | |
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GV | GN | GIN | 324 | GIN | .gn | |
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PU | GW | GNB | 624 | GNB | .gw | |
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GY | GY | GUY | 328 | GUY | .gy | |
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HA | HT | HTI | 332 | HTI | .ht | |
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HM | HM | HMD | 334 | HMD | .hm | |
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VT | VA | VAT | 336 | VAT | .va | |
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HO | HN | HND | 340 | HND | .hn | |
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HK | HK | HKG | 344 | HKG | .hk | |
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HU | HU | HUN | 348 | HUN | .hu | |
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IC | IS | ISL | 352 | ISL | .is | |
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IN | IN | IND | 356 | IND | .in | |
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ID | ID | IDN | 360 | IDN | .id | |
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IR | IR | IRN | 364 | IRN | .ir | |
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IZ | IQ | IRQ | 368 | IRQ | .iq | |
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EI | IE | IRL | 372 | IRL | .ie | |
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IM | IM | IMN | 833 | 不适用 | .im | |
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IS | IL | ISR | 376 | ISR | .il | |
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IT | IT | ITA | 380 | ITA | .it | |
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JM | JM | JAM | 388 | JAM | .jm | |
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JA | JP | JPN | 392 | JPN | .jp | |
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JE | JE | JEY | 832 | 不适用 | .je | |
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JO | JO | JOR | 400 | JOR | .jo | |
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KZ | KZ | KAZ | 398 | KAZ | .kz | |
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KE | KE | KEN | 404 | KEN | .ke | |
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KR | KI | KIR | 296 | KIR | .ki | |
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KN | KP | PRK | 408 | PRK | .kp | |
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KS | KR | KOR | 410 | KOR | .kr | |
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KV | XK | XKS | 不适用 | 不适用 | 不适用 | XK和XKS为ISO 3166用户分配代码, ISO 3166无代码 |
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KU | KW | KWT | 414 | KWT | .kw | |
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KG | KG | KGZ | 417 | KGZ | .kg | |
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LA | LA | LAO | 418 | LAO | .la | |
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LG | LV | LVA | 428 | LVA | .lv | |
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LE | LB | LBN | 422 | LBN | .lb | |
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LT | LS | LSO | 426 | LSO | .ls | |
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LI | LR | LBR | 430 | LBR | .lr | |
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LY | LY | LBY | 434 | LBY | .ly | |
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LS | LI | LIE | 438 | LIE | .li | |
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LH | LT | LTU | 440 | LTU | .lt | |
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LU | LU | LUX | 442 | LUX | .lu | |
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MC | MO | MAC | 446 | MAC | .mo | |
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MK | MK | MKD | 807 | FYR | .mk | ISO名称前南斯拉夫马其顿共和国 |
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MA | MG | MDG | 450 | MDG | .mg | |
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MI | MW | MWI | 454 | MWI | .mw | |
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MY | MY | MYS | 458 | MYS | .my | |
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MV | MV | MDV | 462 | MDV | .mv | |
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ML | ML | MLI | 466 | MLI | .ml | |
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MT | MT | MLT | 470 | MLT | .mt | |
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RM | MH | MHL | 584 | MHL | .mh | |
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MB | MQ | MTQ | 474 | MTQ | .mq | |
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MR | MR | MRT | 478 | MRT | .mr | |
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MP | MU | MUS | 480 | MUS | .mu | |
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MF | YT | MYT | 175 | FRA | .yt | |
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MX | MX | MEX | 484 | MEX | .mx | |
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FM | FM | FSM | 583 | FSM | .fm | |
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MD | MD | MDA | 498 | MDA | .md | |
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MN | MC | MCO | 492 | MCO | .mc | |
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MG | MN | MNG | 496 | MNG | .mn | |
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MJ | ME | MNE | 499 | MNE | .me | |
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MH | MS | MSR | 500 | MSR | .ms | |
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MO | MA | MAR | 504 | MAR | .ma | |
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MZ | MZ | MOZ | 508 | MOZ | .mz | |
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WA | NA | NAM | 516 | NAM | .na | |
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NR | NR | NRU | 520 | NRU | .nr | |
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NP | NP | NPL | 524 | NPL | .np | |
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NL | NL | NLD | 528 | NLD | .nl | |
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NT | AN | ANT | 不适用 | ANT | .an | 2010年10月其解体, ISO 2010年12月删除其代码 |
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NC | NC | NCL | 540 | NCL | .nc | |
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NZ | NZ | NZL | 554 | NZL | .nz | |
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NU | NI | NIC | 558 | NIC | .ni | |
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NG | NE | NER | 562 | NER | .ne | |
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NI | NG | NGA | 566 | NGA | .ng | |
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NE | NU | NIU | 570 | NIU | .nu | |
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NF | NF | NFK | 574 | NFK | .nf | |
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CQ | MP | MNP | 580 | MNP | .mp | |
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NO | NO | NOR | 578 | NOR | .no | |
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MU | OM | OMN | 512 | OMN | .om | |
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PK | PK | PAK | 586 | PAK | .pk | |
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PS | PW | PLW | 585 | PLW | .pw | |
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PM | PA | PAN | 591 | PAN | .pa | |
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PP | PG | PNG | 598 | PNG | .pg | |
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PA | PY | PRY | 600 | PRY | .py | |
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PE | PE | PER | 604 | PER | .pe | |
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RP | PH | PHL | 608 | PHL | .ph | |
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PC | PN | PCN | 612 | PCN | .pn | |
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PL | PL | POL | 616 | POL | .pl | |
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PO | PT | PRT | 620 | PRT | .pt | |
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RQ | PR | PRI | 630 | PRI | .pr | |
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QA | QA | QAT | 634 | QAT | .qa | |
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RE | RE | REU | 638 | REU | .re | |
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RO | RO | ROU | 642 | ROU | .ro | |
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TW | TW | TWN | 158 | TWN | .tw | 在ISO 3166中,国际标准化组织采用名称为“中国台湾省”(英语:Taiwan, Province of China) |
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RS | RU | RUS | 643 | RUS | .ru | |
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RW | RW | RWA | 646 | RWA | .rw | |
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TB | BL | BLM | 652 | 不适用 | .bl | 或可使用国家地区代码顶级域.fr和.gp |
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SH | SH | SHN | 654 | SHN | .sh | 包括圣赫勒拿岛,阿森松岛和特里斯坦 - 达库尼亚群岛 |
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SC | KN | KNA | 659 | KNA | .kn | |
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ST | LC | LCA | 662 | LCA | .lc | |
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RN | MF | MAF | 663 | 不适用 | .mf | 或可使用国家地区代码顶级域.fr和.gp |
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VC | VC | VCT | 670 | VCT | .vc | |
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WS | WS | WSM | 882 | WSM | .ws | |
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SM | SM | SMR | 674 | SMR | .sm | |
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TP | ST | STP | 678 | STP | .st | |
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SA | SA | SAU | 682 | SAU | .sa | |
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SG | SN | SEN | 686 | SEN | .sn | |
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RI | RS | SRB | 688 | SRB | .rs | |
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SE | SC | SYC | 690 | SYC | .sc | |
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SL | SL | SLE | 694 | SLE | .sl | |
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SN | SG | SGP | 702 | SGP | .sg | |
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NN | SX | SXM | 534 | 不适用 | .sx | |
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LO | SK | SVK | 703 | SVK | .sk | |
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SI | SI | SVN | 705 | SVN | .si | |
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BP | SB | SLB | 090 | SLB | .sb | |
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SO | SO | SOM | 706 | SOM | .so | |
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SF | ZA | ZAF | 710 | ZAF | .za | |
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SX | GS | SGS | 239 | SGS | .gs | |
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OD | SS | SSD | 728 | SSD | .ss | |
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SP | ES | ESP | 724 | ESP | .es | |
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CE | LK | LKA | 144 | LKA | .lk | |
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SU | SD | SDN | 729 | SDN | .sd | |
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NS | SR | SUR | 740 | SUR | .sr | |
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SB | PM | SPM | 666 | SPM | .pm | |
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WZ | SZ | SWZ | 748 | SWZ | .sz | |
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SW | SE | SWE | 752 | SWE | .se | |
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SZ | CH | CHE | 756 | CHE | .ch | |
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SY | SY | SYR | 760 | SYR | .sy | |
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TI | TJ | TJK | 762 | TJK | .tj | |
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TZ | TZ | TZA | 834 | TZA | .tz | |
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TH | TH | THA | 764 | THA | .th | |
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TT | TL | TLS | 626 | TLS | .tl | |
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TO | TG | TGO | 768 | TGO | .tg | |
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TL | TK | TKL | 772 | TKL | .tk | |
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TN | TO | TON | 776 | TON | .to | |
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TD | TT | TTO | 780 | TTO | .tt | |
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TS | TN | TUN | 788 | TUN | .tn | |
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TU | TR | TUR | 792 | TUR | .tr | |
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TX | TM | TKM | 795 | TKM | .tm | |
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TK | TC | TCA | 796 | TCA | .tc | |
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TV | TV | TUV | 798 | TUV | .tv | |
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UG | UG | UGA | 800 | UGA | .ug | |
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UP | UA | UKR | 804 | UKR | .ua | |
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AE | AE | ARE | 784 | ARE | .ae | |
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UK | GB | GBR | 826 | GBR | .uk | 欧盟的内部通讯建议使用UK来代替ISO 3166-2英国代码GB |
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US | US | USA | 840 | USA | .us | |
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UM | UM | UMI | 581 | 不适用 | .um | |
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UY | UY | URY | 858 | URY | .uy | |
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UZ | UZ | UZB | 860 | UZB | .uz | |
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NH | VU | VUT | 548 | VUT | .vu | |
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VE | VE | VEN | 862 | VEN | .ve | |
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VM | VN | VNM | 704 | VNM | .vn | |
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VQ | VI | VIR | 850 | VIR | .vi | |
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WF | WF | WLF | 876 | WLF | .wf | |
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WE | PS | PSE | 275 | PSE | .ps | |
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WI | EH | ESH | 732 | ESH | .eh | ISO名称西撒哈拉 |
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UN | UN | UNO | 不适用 | 不适用 | 不适用 | ISO 3166-1代码是特别保留 |
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EU | EU | EUE | 不适用 | 不适用 | .eu | ISO 3166-1代码是特别保留 |
非盟 | AU | 不适用 | 不适用 | 不适用 | 不适用 | 不适用 | |
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ASEAN | 不适用 | 不适用 | 不适用 | 不适用 | 不适用 | |
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YM | YE | YEM | 887 | YEM | .ye | |
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ZA | ZA | ZAI | 不适用 | ZAI | 不适用 | 参见![]() |
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ZA | ZM | ZMB | 894 | ZMB | .zm | |
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ZI | ZW | ZWE | 716 | ZWE | .zw | |
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RH | RO | RHO | 不适用 | RHO | 不适用 | 分拆为![]() ![]() ![]() |
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WI | WI | WIF | 不适用 | WIF | 不适用 | |
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EN | EN | EUN | 不适用 | EUN | 不适用 | |
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AN | AZ | ANZ | 不适用 | ANZ | 不适用 | |
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YU | YG | YUG | 不适用 | YUG | 不适用 | |
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UR | UR | URS | 不适用 | URS | 不适用 | ![]() |
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DA | DH | DAH | 不适用 | DAH | 不适用 | |
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VO | VL | VOL | 不适用 | VOL | 不适用 | |
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BO | BO | BOH | 不适用 | BOH | 不适用 | |
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TC | TC | TCH | 不适用 | TCH | 不适用 | |
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UA | UA | UAR | 不适用 | UAR | 不适用 | |
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SC | SG | SCG | 不适用 | SCG | 不适用 |
参见
[编辑]其他国家地区代码
[编辑]- 国际奥委会国家或地区编码列表:国际奥林匹克委员会所使用的三位字母代码
- 国际足联国家代码列表:国际足球联合会所使用的三位字母代码
- 主权国家列表
其他代码
[编辑]注释
[编辑]- ^ 即GEOPOLITICAL ENTITIES and CODES,原FIPS PUB 10-4代码,现由美国国家地理空间情报局维护。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 王萍; 宋雪雁. 电子档案管理基础. 清华大学出版社. 2006: 111, 164, 165, 235 [31 January 2014]. ISBN 978-7-302-12454-2. (原始内容存档于2014-06-27) (中文(中国大陆)).
国码( countrycode)
- ^ R. R. K. Hartmann; Gregory James. Dictionary of Lexicography. Routledge. 4 January 2002: 31 [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-1-134-76829-5. (原始内容存档于2014-06-27) (英语).
An abbreviation or symbol used to label the country associated with a particular word, phrase or term.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Cliff Wootton. Developing Quality Metadata: Building Innovative Tools and Workflow Solutions. Taylor & Francis. 2007: 139– [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-0-240-80869-7. (原始内容存档于2014-06-27) (英语).
geo-codes: Standardized country codes
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Gwillim Law. Administrative subdivisions of countries: a comprehensive world reference, 1900 through 1998. McFarland & Company Incorporated Pub. 1999 [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-0-7864-0729-3. (原始内容存档于2014-06-12) (英语).
See also Country Codes
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Central Intelligence Agency. Appendix D: Cross-Reference List of Country Data Codes. 国家数据代码交叉引用表. The CIA World Factbook 2012. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. 2011: 3291– [2014-01-29]. ISBN 978-1-61608-332-8. (原始内容存档于2014-06-27) (英语).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Peter Folger. Geospatial Information and Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Current Issues and Future Challenges. DIANE Publishing. November 2010: 3– [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-1-4379-1947-9. (原始内容存档于2014-06-27) (英语).
Geocoding: assignment of alphanumeric codes or coordinates to geographically referenced data. Examples include the two-letter country codes, or the coordinates of a residence computed from its address. (Geospatial and GIS Terminology)
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Kelly Chan. DIGEST A Primer for the International GIS Standard. CRC Press. 25 June 1998: 34 [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-1-56670-241-6. (原始内容存档于2014-06-27) (英语).
For example, a column of country codes might refer to a country code lookup table for an explanation or the compete country name based on a 2- or 3-charcter code.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 United Nations ICT Task Force. Internet Governance: A Grand Collaboration : an Edited Collection of Papers Contributed to the United Nations ICT Task Force Global Forum on Internet Governance, New York, March 25-26, 2004. United Nations Publications. 2004: 275 [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-92-1-104534-5. (原始内容存档于2014-06-27) (英语).
National sovereignty over information infrastructure ccTLDs: Who is a country? ICANN and its predecessor organization have always sought to avoid the issue of what is a state, yet is inherently unable to skirt it. For instance, in 2003 Chinese authorities raised the issue with US and ICANN officials of why .tw existed since it seemed to legitimize the island as an independent nation, which China regards as a province. Though China stopped short of asking its removal (there are a number of non-national territories in the ISO 3166 list, including .hk for Hong Kong), the incident is indicative of the offline politics that can easily enter domain name policy discussions. Secondly, in March 2000, ICANN established .ps to represent the Palestinian Authority, another example of how politics is implicit in Internet addressing.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Yu-Che Chen; Pin-Yu Chu. Electronic Governance and Cross-Boundary Collaboration: Innovations and Advancing Tools. Idea Group Inc (IGI). 30 April 2011: 31– [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-1-60960-753-1. (原始内容存档于2014-06-27) (英语).
Naming- This category covers basic primitives for defining consistent names for resrouces, like URI, URL, XML Namespaces, ISO 3166 (country codes), and ISO 8601 (date and time representations)
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Jeff Voivoda. Data Analysis and Harmonization: A Simple Guide. iUniverse. 24 March 2011: 58 [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-1-4502-9825-4. (原始内容存档于2014-06-27) (英语).
- ^ James Bean. Engineering Global E-Commerce Sites: A Guide to Data Capture, Content, and Transactions. Morgan Kaufmann. 22 May 2003: 190 [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-0-08-050567-1. (原始内容存档于2014-06-27) (英语).
- ^ 后设资料工作组 译,文件编码描述格式 Encoded Archival Description, EAD (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Performing Table Joins. [2014-01-29]. (原始内容存档于2014-02-02).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 兰少华; 杨余旺; 吕建勇. TCP/IP网络与协议. 清华大学出版社. 2006: 148 [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-7-302-11840-4. (原始内容存档于2014-09-20) (中文(中国大陆)).
- ^ 见TWNIC新闻稿译名ICANN正式通过“.台湾”及“.台湾”顶级国码域名申请案 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(英语:ccTLD)
- ^ Milton Mueller. Ruling the Root: Internet Governance and the Taming of Cyberspace. MIT Press. 2004: 244 [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-0-262-26379-5. (原始内容存档于2014-09-20) (英语).
But political factors have overridden technical and business facts in this case. The GAC has lobbied to make sure that ccTLD delegations are exclusive by warning ICANN not to delegate any new TLDs with the names of countries or that use the three-letter country codes. The director-general of the European Commission, Robert Verrue, expressed support for the idea of giving governments the opportunity to register or assign in advance the two-letter and three-letter ISO country codes in the new TLDs. In its second process WIPO proposed to exclude all two-letter country codes from the second level of all new generic TLDs.
- ^ John Mathiason. Chapter 6 The ICANN experiment. Internet Governance: The New Frontier of Global Institutions. Routledge. 18 August 2008: 88–89 [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-1-135-97666-8. (原始内容存档于2014-06-27) (英语).
In the early, innocent days of the Internet, Jon Postel and his colleagues determined to use the ISO two-letter designation of countries. Many of the country-code names were not sovereign governments. In doing so, they made two political errors. First, the list was not politically correct since it included, in addition to China (.cn) and Hong Kong (.hk), Taiwan Province of China (.tw). Since the status of Taiwan (especially whether it sould be considered independent) has yet to be resovled internationally, once ICANN took over the IANA functions, this had the effect of allowing Taiwan to participate in ICANN. And Taiwan does participate in GAC meetings, as did China, one of the few places where both would be represented. The GAC by-laws allow for this by permitting membership of "distinct economies as recognised in international fora." This avoids a judgement about the status of Taiwan. ... Second, when IANA set up the country-level codes there was no procedure for determining, on the basis of government authority who was qualified to provide registry services for the domain. Some of the two-letter domains had a value because of their meaning in English. For example, .tv (Tuvalu) could be used by television programs ... and .fm (Federation of Micronesia) could be used by radio stations. Many countries did not have national registries so private individuals were given the authority to allocate domain names to some country-code domains.
- ^ ISO 3166-1列表. [2014-01-31]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-10).
- ^ Delegation Record for .中國. [2014-01-31]. (原始内容存档于2014-01-27).
- ^ Delegation Record for .香港. [2014-01-31]. (原始内容存档于2011-05-25).
- ^ CIA World Factbook,APPENDIX D: CROSS-REFERENCE LIST OF COUNTRY DATA CODES (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)。