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| 三民主义 |
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 中华民国主题 |
| 政治意识形态 |
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| 系列条目 |
| 思想流派 |
| 政治光谱 |
| 统治体制 |
The Three Principles of the People, also translated as Three People's Principles, San-min Doctrine, or Tridemism,[1] is a political philosophy developed by Sun Yat-sen as part of a philosophy to make China a free, prosperous, and powerful state. The three principles are often translated into and summarized as nationalism, democracy, and the livelihood of the people. This philosophy has been claimed as the cornerstone of the Republic of China's policy as carried by the Kuomintang (KMT); the principles also appear in the first line of the Republic of China national anthem.
Origins
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In 1894 when the Revive China Society was formed, Sun only had two principles: nationalism and democracy. He picked up the third idea, welfare, during his three-year trip to Europe from 1896 to 1898.[2] He announced all three ideas in the spring of 1905, during another trip to Europe. Sun made the first speech of his life on the "Three Principles of the People" in Brussels.[3] He was able to organize the Revive China Society in many European cities. There were about 30 members in the Brussels branch at the time, 20 in Berlin, and 10 in Paris.[3] After the Tongmenghui was formed, Sun published an editorial in Min Bao (民报).[2] This was the first time the ideas were expressed in writing. Later on, in the anniversary issue of Min Bao, his long speech of the Three Principles was printed, and the editors of the newspaper discussed the issue of people's livelihood.[2]
The ideology is said to be heavily influenced by Sun's experiences in the United States and contains elements of the American progressive movement and the thought championed by Abraham Lincoln. Sun credited a line from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, "government of the people, by the people, for the people", as an inspiration for the Three Principles.[3] Dr. Sun's Three Principles of the People are inter-connected as the guideline for China's modernization development as stretched by Hu Hanmin.[4]
The Principles
[编辑]Mínzú or Civic Nationalism
[编辑]The Principle of Mínzú (民族主义, Mínzú Zhǔyì) is commonly rendered as "nationalism", literally "Populism" or "rule/government of the People", "Mínzú/People" clearly describing a nation rather than a group of persons united by a purpose, hence the commonly used and rather accurate translation "nationalism". By this, Sun meant independence from imperialist domination or oppression. To achieve this he believed that China must develop a "China-nationalism," Zhonghua Minzu, as opposed to an "ethnic-nationalism," so as to unite all of the different ethnicities of China. These were mainly composed of the five major groups, Han, Mongols, Tibetans, Manchus, and the Muslims (such as the Uyghurs), which together are symbolized by the Five Color Flag of the First Republic (1911–1928). This sense of nationalism is different from the idea of "ethnocentrism," which equates to the same meaning of nationalism in Chinese language. To achieve this he believed that China must develop a "national consciousness" so as to unite the Han in the face of imperialist aggression. He argued that "minzu", which can be translated as "people", "nationality" or "race", were defined by sharing common blood, livelihood, religion, language and customs.
Mínquán or Governance Rights
[编辑]The Principle of Mínquán (民权主义, Mínquán Zhǔyì) is usually translated as "democracy"; literally "the People's power" or "government by the People." To Sun, it represented a Western constitutional government. He divided political life of his ideal for China into two sets of "powers": the power of politics and the power of governance.
The power of politics (政权, zhèngquán) are the powers of the people to express their political wishes, similar to those vested in the citizenry or the parliaments in other countries, and is represented by the National Assembly. There are four of these powers: election (选举), recall (罢免), initiative (创制), and referendum (复决). These may be equated to "civil rights".
The power of governance (治权, zhìquán) are the powers of administration. Here he expanded the European-American constitutional theory of a three-branch government and a system of checks and balances by incorporating traditional Chinese administrative tradition to create a government of five branches (each of which is called a Yuan (院, yuàn, literally "court"). The Legislative Yuan, the Executive Yuan, and the Judicial Yuan came from Montesquieuan thought; the Control Yuan and the Examination Yuan came from Chinese tradition. (Note that the Legislative Yuan was first intended as a branch of governance, not strictly equivalent to a national parliament.)
Mínshēng or Welfare Rights
[编辑]The Principle of Mínshēng (民生主义, Mínshēng Zhǔyì) is sometimes translated as "the People's welfare/livelihood," "Government for the People". The concept may be understood as social welfare and as a direct criticism of the inadequacies of capitalism. He was influenced by the American thinker Henry George. Sun intended to introduce a Georgist tax reform.[5] The land value tax in Taiwan is a legacy thereof. Sun Yat-sen said that land value tax as "the only means of supporting the government is an infinitely just, reasonable, and equitably distributed tax, and on it we will found our new system."[6]
He divided livelihood into four areas: clothing, food, housing, and mobility; and planned out how an ideal (Chinese) government can take care of these for its people. Sun died before he was able to fully explain his vision of this Principle and it has been the subject of much debate within both the Chinese Nationalist and Communist Parties, with the latter suggesting that Sun supported socialism. Chiang Kai-shek further elaborated the Mínshēng principle of both the importance of social well-being and recreational activities for a modernized China in 1953 in Taiwan.[7]
Canon
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The most definite (canonical) exposition of these principles was a book compiled from notes of speeches that Sun gave near Guangzhou (taken by a colleague, Huang Changgu, in consultation with Sun), and therefore is open to interpretation by various parties and interest groups (see below) and may not have been as fully explicated as Sun might have wished. Indeed, Chiang Kai-shek supplied an annex to the Principle of Mínshēng, covering two additional areas of livelihood: education and leisure, and explicitly arguing that Mínshēng was not to be seen as supporting either communism or socialism. The French historian of Chinese history, Marie-Claire Bergère's view is that the book is a work of propaganda. Its purpose is to appeal to action rather than to thought. As Sun Yat-sen declared, a principle is not simply an idea; it is "a faith, a power."[8]
在中华民国地位
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[来源请求] 三民主义被列入《中华民国宪法》总纲第一条（民有民治民享之民主共和国），且《中华民国宪法》外，在各类教育规章、课程目标都有贯彻三民主义一类文字。国民党退守台湾后，其早期国内各高级中学及大学课程中曾列有三民主义，极力推展反共教育，部分大学及中央研究院在当时都设有“三民主义研究所”，并以“三民主义”、“国父思想”等不同名称，曾列为大学联考与国家考试的必考科目。在中华民国自由地区境内的地名、路名乃至各级学校校歌经常能见到三民、民权、民生、民族等用语。《中华民国宪法》第1条：中华民国基于三民主义，为民有民治民享之民主共和国
1994年4月19日，考试院全院审查会决议，高普考试将不再考《国父遗教》、《三民主义》，于翌年实施[9]。同年9月24日，教育部招开大学校院长会议，由台大陈维昭校长担任召集，商讨废除大学联考废考《三民主义》[10]。
2000年（民国89年）起大学联考不再考三民主义，至今中华民国各大学之中已无“三民主义研究所”（例如国立台湾大学三民主义研究所改名为“国家发展研究所”）。
Legacy
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The Three Principles of the People were claimed as the basis for the ideologies of the Kuomintang under Chiang Kai-shek, of the Communist Party of China under Mao Zedong, and of the Reorganized National Government of China under Wang Jingwei. The Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China largely agreed on the meaning of nationalism but differed sharply on the meaning of democracy and people's welfare, which the former saw in Western social democratic terms and the latter interpreted in Marxist and communist terms. The Japanese collaborationist government interpreted nationalism less in terms of anti-imperialism and more in terms of cooperating with Japan to advance theoretically pan-Asian, but in practice, typically Japanese interests.
Taiwan (Republic of China)
[编辑]There were several higher-education institutes (university departments/faculties and graduate institutes) in Taiwan that used to devote themselves to the 'research and development' of the Three Principles in this aspect. Since the late 1990s, these institutes have re-oriented themselves so that other political theories are also admitted as worthy of consideration, and have changed their names to be more ideologically neutral (such as Democratic Studies Institute).
In addition to this institutional phenomenon, many streets and businesses in Taiwan are named "Sān-mín" or for one of the three principles. In contrast to other politically-derived street names, there has been no major renaming of these streets or institutions in the 1990s.
Although the term "Sanmin Zhuyi" (三民主义) has been less explicitly invoked since the mid-1980s, no political party has explicitly attacked its principles with practices under the Martial Law ruling era then except the Tangwai movement groups such as Democratic Progressive Party. The Three Principles of the People remains explicitly part of the platform of the Kuomintang and in the Constitution of the Republic of China.
As for Taiwan independence supporters, some have objections regarding the formal constitutional commitment to a particular set of political principles. Also, they have been against the mandatory indoctrination in schools and universities, which have now been abolished in a piecemeal fashion beginning in the late 1990s. However, there is little fundamental hostility to the substantive principles themselves. In these circles, attitudes toward the Three Principles of the People span the spectrum from indifference to reinterpreting the Three Principles of the People in a local Taiwanese context rather than in a pan-Chinese one.
Vietnam
[编辑]The Vietnam Revolutionary League was a union of various Vietnamese nationalist groups, run by the pro-Chinese Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng. The Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng translates directly into Vietnamese Kuomintang, and it was based on the Chinese Kuomintang party. Its stated goal was for unity with China under the Three Principles of the People, and opposition to Japanese and French Imperialists.[11][12] The Revolutionary League was controlled by Nguyễn Hải Thần, who was born in China and could not speak Vietnamese [来源请求] . General Zhang Fakui shrewdly blocked the Communists of Vietnam, and Ho Chi Minh from entering the league, as his main goal was Chinese influence in Indo China.[13] The KMT utilized these Vietnamese nationalists during World War II against Japanese forces.[14]
Tibet
[编辑]The pro-Kuomintang and pro-ROC Khamba revolutionary leader Pandatsang Rapga, who established the Tibet Improvement Party, adopted Dr. Sun's ideology including the Three Principles, incorporating them into his party and using Sun's doctrine as a model for his vision of Tibet after achieving his goal of overthrowing the Tibetan government.
Pandatsang Rapga hailed the Three Principles of Dr. Sun for helping Asian peoples against foreign imperialism and called for the feudal system to be overthrown. Rapga stated that "The Sanmin Zhuyi was intended for all peoples under the domination of foreigners, for all those who had been deprived of the rights of man. But it was conceived especially for the Asians. It is for this reason that I translated it. At that time, a lot of new ideas were spreading in Tibet", during an interview in 1975 by Dr. Heather Stoddard.[15] Dr. Sun's ideology was put into a Tibetan translation by Rapga.[16]
He believed that change in Tibet would only be possible in a manner similar to when the Qing Dynasty was overthrown in China. He borrowed the theories and ideas of the Kuomintang as the basis for his model for Tibet. The party was funded by the Kuomintang[17] and by the Pandatsang family.
Singapore
[编辑]The establishment of the People's Power Party in May 2015 by opposition politician Goh Meng Seng marks the first time in contemporary Singaporean politics that a political party was formed with the Three Principles of the People and its system of having five branches of government as espoused by Sun Yat-Sen as its official guiding ideology.[18]
The People's Power Party has adapted the ideas with a slight modification to the concepts of the Five Powers in order to stay relevant to modern contemporary political and social structures. The emphasis is put on the separation of the Five Powers which naturally means the separation of certain institutions from the Executive's control.
The Power of Impeachment (originally under the Control Yuan) has been expanded to include various contemporary functional government institutions. Examples include the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau, advocacy of Ombudsman Commission, Equal Opportunity Commission, Free Press and Freedom of Expression.
The Power of Examination has been adapted and modified to fit the modern concept of Selection for both political leaders as well as civil servants. This involves institutions like the Elections Department and Public Service Commission.
The People's Power Party advocates that the institutions included in these two powers, namely the Power of Impeachment and the Power of Selection, to be put under the supervision of Singapore's Elected President.[19]
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Stéphane Corcuff (editor) Memories of the Future: National Identity Issues and the Search for a New Taiwan. ISBN 0765607921
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Li Chien-Nung, translated by Teng, Ssu-yu, Jeremy Ingalls. The political history of China, 1840–1928. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1956; rpr. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0602-6, ISBN 978-0-8047-0602-5. pp. 203–206.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Sharman, Lyon. Sun Yat-sen: His life and its meaning, a critical biography. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1968: 94, 271.
- ^ +{中華百科全書‧典藏版}+. ap6.pccu.edu.tw. [2015-12-24].
- ^ Trescott, Paul B. Jingji Xue: The History of the Introduction of Western Economic Ideas Into China, 1850-1950. Chinese University Press. 2007: 46–48. ISBN 9789629962425.
The teachings of your single-taxer, Henry George, will be the basis of our program of reform.
- ^ Post, Louis Freeland (April 12, 1912). "Sun Yat Sen's Economic Program for China". The Public. 15: 349. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
- ^ 〔民生主義育樂兩篇補述〕. terms.naer.edu.tw. [2015-12-24].
- ^ Bergère, Marie-Claire (translated by Janet Lloyd). Sun Yat-sen. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1994: 353. ISBN 0-8047-3170-5.
- ^ 董孟郎. 考試院全院審查會昨日決議 高普考試︵包括公務人員考試及專技人員考試︶將不再考國父遺教、三民主義. 《中国时报》. 1994-04-20 （中文（台湾））.
- ^ 张翠芬. 教育部廿四日召開大學校院長會議. 《中国时报》. 1994-09-25 （中文（台湾））.
- ^ James P. Harrison. The endless war: Vietnam's struggle for independence
. Columbia University Press. 1989: 81 [2010-11-30]. ISBN 0-231-06909-X. Chang Fa-Kuei vnqdd.
- ^ United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Historical Division. The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: History of the Indochina incident, 1940-1954. Michael Glazier. 1982: 56 [2010-11-30].
- ^ Oscar Chapuis. The last emperors of Vietnam: from Tu Duc to Bao Dai. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2000: 106 [2010-11-30]. ISBN 0-313-31170-6.
- ^ William J. Duiker. The rise of nationalism in Vietnam, 1900-1941. Cornell University Press. 1976: 272 [2010-11-30]. ISBN 0-8014-0951-9.
- ^ Gray Tuttle. Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China illustrated. Columbia University Press. 2007: 152 [2011-12-27]. ISBN 978-0-231-13447-7.
- ^ Melvyn C. Goldstein. A history of modern Tibet, 1913-1951: the demise of the Lamaist state. Volume 1 of A History of Modern Tibet reprint, illustrated. University of California Press. 1991: 450 [2011-12-27]. ISBN 0-520-07590-0.
- ^ Hsiao-ting Lin. Modern China's ethnic frontiers: a journey to the west. Volume 67 of Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia illustrated. Taylor & Francis. 2010: 95 [2011-12-27]. ISBN 978-0-415-58264-3.
- ^ http://www.tremeritus.com/2015/05/19/goh-submits-application-to-set-up-peoples-power-party/ 缺少或
|title=为空 (帮助) - ^ People's Power Party - PPP. facebook.com. [2015-12-24].
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