消毒搓手液
临床资料 | |
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其他名称 | Hand sanitizer、hand antiseptic,[1] hand disinfectant、hand rub及handrub[2] |
消毒搓手液(英语:hand sanitizer,也称为干洗手,英文名称另有hand antiseptic、hand disinfectant、hand rub或是handrub)是一种用于杀死手部病毒、细菌和微生物的液体、凝胶,或是泡沫,[3][4]也有乳膏、喷雾剂或湿巾的形式。[5]虽然用肥皂和水来洗手通常是较佳选择,[6]但在没肥皂和水的情况下,消毒搓手液是种方便的替代品。但此法对某些病原体,如诺罗病毒和艰难拟梭菌的效力较低,且无法去除有害化学物质。[6]不正确的使用方式也会降低其有效性(例如在搓手液干燥前即擦拭掉),且某些使用低醇类浓度搓手液的效果会较差。[6]此外,若频繁使用搓手液,可能会破坏用者皮肤上的微生物群,导致皮肤炎发生。[7]
美国疾病管制与预防中心 (CDC) 推荐在无肥皂和水的情况下,可采用含醇类(乙醇或2-丙醇)浓度至少60%的搓手液作为替代。[8]这些消毒剂在医疗保健环境中通常比使用肥皂和水洗手更受欢迎,原因是前者在减少细菌方面更有效,且皮肤对其有更好的耐受性。[9][10]然而当有明显的污染或在如厕后,仍应采洗手的方式。[11]搓手液若不含醇类,可能所含的是苯扎氯铵或二氯苯氧氯酚,但效果较差,一般不建议使用,[9]前述苯扎氯铵或二氯苯氧氯酚有不易燃的特性。[5]
醇类搓手液的配方通常含有2-丙醇、乙醇或是1-丙醇的混合物,浓度在60%至95%之间的最为有效。[4]这些消毒剂易燃,[4]可消灭多种微生物,但对孢子无效。[4]可添加甘油等化合物以防止皮肤干燥,有些还会添加香料,但可能会导致过敏反应,因此不建议使用。[12]不含醇类的配方效果较差,应谨慎使用。[13][14][15]
以醇类作为抗菌剂的做法至少在公元1363年即出现,有证据显示其在19世纪后期开始受到应用。[16]醇类搓手液在1980年代开始在欧洲变得普遍,[17]且开始列入世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单之中。[18][19]
用途
[编辑]一般大众
[编辑]醇类搓手液对于双手油腻或明显脏污可能无法发挥效果。在医院中的医护人员,其手部通常会受到病原体污染,但少有出现油腻或脏污的情况。
一些市售搓手液(以及根据网络示范的自制品)的醇类浓度过低,[20]而会降低它们的杀菌功效。[6]发达国家[20]中的贫困人口和发展中国家的人口可能更难获得含有有效醇类浓度的搓手液。[21]
学校
[编辑]目前有证据显示一般学校在执行手部卫生干预措施的效果不佳。[22]
由考科蓝合作组织发表的一项2020年综述中,将搓手液与传统的肥皂水洗手技术比较,以及随后对学生缺勤率的影响,发现前者对与疾病相关的缺勤率有微小,却有益的结果。[23]
医疗保健
[编辑]消毒搓手液于1966年首次引入医院和医护机构中。并在1990年代初期开始普及。[24]
在医疗保健环境中的大多数情况,醇类搓手液较使用肥皂和水洗手更为方便。[9]对于医护人员,搓手液通常在手部消毒方面更有效,且比肥皂和水更易耐受。[4]但在污染存在或是如厕后,仍应使用肥皂和水的手部清洗。[11]
人们应使用含有至少60%醇类或含有"持久性抗菌剂"的搓手液。[25][26]醇类搓手液可杀死许多不同类型的细菌,包括抗药性细菌和结核病菌,还可杀死许多类型的病毒,包括流感病毒、普通感冒病毒、冠状病毒和人类免疫缺乏病毒(HIV)。[27][28]
含有90%醇类搓手液对抗病毒的效力比大多数其他形式的手部清洗更强。[29]2-丙醇可在30秒内杀死99.99%或更多的非孢子形成细菌,在实验室或是人体皮肤上的效果相同。[25][30]
搓手液中的醇类浓度至少要达到60%,且与皮肤接触10-15秒后才能有效破坏细菌的蛋白质结构,达到杀菌目的。若醇类浓度过低或用量不足,将无法在短时间内达到理想的杀菌效果。[4]在有高脂或高蛋白废弃物存在的环境中(例如食品加工厂),仅使用醇类搓手液可能不足以确保适当的手部卫生。[4]
对于如医院和诊所的医疗环境,杀灭细菌的最佳醇类浓度为70%至95%。[31][32]根据东田纳西州立大学进行的调查,美国商店销售的搓手液中,有些产品的醇类浓度有低至40%的情况。[33]
醇类搓手液可杀死大多数细菌和真菌,并阻挡某些病毒。含有至少70%醇类成分(主要是乙醇)的搓手液在使用30秒后,可将99.9%的手部细菌杀死,一分钟内可杀死99.99%至99.999% [note 1]的细菌。[29]
- 在医疗保健方面,最佳消毒需要顾及所有手部暴露的部分,如指甲周围、手指之间、拇指背面和手腕周围。应将搓手液彻底揉搓到手上和前臂下部,持续至少30秒,然后让其自然风干。[34]
- 醇类搓手液不仅能快速杀菌,且能减少肥皂与水洗手对皮肤造成的干燥,是一款兼具清洁与护肤功效的产品。。[35][36][37][38]
含有60%至95%的醇类搓手液可杀死细菌、多重耐药性细菌(如耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和抗万古霉素肠球菌(VRE))、结核病菌以及一些病毒(包括HIV、疱疹、人类呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、鼻病毒、牛痘病毒、流行性感冒病毒[39]和肝炎病毒)和真菌。含有70%醇类搓手液在涂抹30秒后可杀死99.97%(3.5对数减少,相当于35分贝减少)的手部细菌,一分钟后可杀死99.99%至99.999%(4至5对数减少)的手部细菌。[29]
缺点
[编辑]虽然搓手液方便快捷,但肥皂和水仍是清洁双手的最佳选择。特别是当手部沾染肉眼可见的污垢、体液,或需要去除顽固的病菌(如艰难拟梭菌孢子、隐孢子虫属)以及某些病毒(如诺罗病毒)时,肥皂和水的清洁效果更佳。此外,搓手液对农药等化学物质的去除效果有限。建议在有条件的情况下,尽量使用肥皂和水洗手。[40]CDC也指出搓手液无法有效去除农药等化学物质。[41]
安全性
[编辑]火灾
[编辑]有研究人员根据英国国家病人安全署 (National Patient Safety Agency) 的国家报告与学习服务 (NRLS) 数据库,以探讨醇类外科手术时进行皮肤消毒液是否与手术室火灾的发生有关,研究期间内共报告有13起手术室火灾。其中11起与醇类外科手术皮肤消毒剂或浸泡过消毒剂的纱布和敷单直接相关。[42]
为最大程度降低火灾风险,使用醇类搓手液时应将手搓至完全干燥,让醇类完全蒸发。[43]在使用过程中点燃含醇类搓手液的情况很少见,但有一个医疗工作者使用搓手凝胶,然后脱掉聚酯纤维隔离衣,接着触摸金属门,而她的手仍有部分搓手液残留,静电产生火花并点燃其手上凝胶的案例。[4]:13搓手液应存放在低于40.6°C(105°F)的温度下,且不应在高温天气时将之留在汽车内,以降低自燃风险。[44]消防部门建议将醇类搓手液的补充装与清洁用品一起存放,远离热源或明火。[45][46]
皮肤
[编辑]研究人员尚未深入研究使用搓手液对人体和微生物群的影响。[7]对医护人员的研究,显示高使用搓手液频率与手部湿疹的发生率有关联。[47][48]
搓手液中的醇类会去除皮肤表层的油脂,可能会对皮肤的屏障功能造成负面影响。一项研究还显示使用抗菌清洁剂消毒双手,会比仅使用酒精造成更多皮肤脂质损失,而破坏更多的皮肤屏障。[49][50]
除非配方中添加柔软剂和/或皮肤保湿剂,否则频繁使用醇类搓手液会导致皮肤干燥。[51]在临床试验中,含有柔软剂的醇类搓手液比肥皂或抗菌清洁剂对皮肤的刺激和干燥程度要小得多。
摄入
[编辑]美国食品药物管理局(FDA)将抗菌洗手液和消毒搓手液列为手部清洁用的非处方药 (OTC) 。[52]
FDA要求商家用清楚的标签,告知消费者如何正确使用这种非处方药,以及应避免的危险,包括警告成人不要摄入、不让眼睛接触、放在儿童无法取得的地方,且儿童仅在成人监督下方可使用。[53]根据非营利组织美国中毒控制中心的数据,美国于2006年曾报告有近12,000起误食消毒搓手液的案例。[54]但CDC建议让儿童在监督下使用搓手液,以养成良好的卫生习惯,并进一步建议父母在旅行时为孩子准备,以避免他们因手部脏污而感染疾病。[55]
据报导有发生过监狱和医院中有人饮用含醇类凝胶而醉酒的事件。因此某些机构中会对含醇类消毒液和凝胶的存取进行控制和管理。[56][57][58]例如美国新墨西哥州于 COVID-19大流行期间的几周内,有7名酗酒者因饮用消毒剂而受严重伤害:3人死亡,3人病情危急,及1人永久失明。[59][60]
于2021年,印度马哈拉什特拉邦有12名儿童误将消毒搓手液当作口服小儿麻痹症疫苗使用,而需住院治疗。[61]
吸收
[编辑]FDA于2015年4月30日宣布,他们正收集更多关于搓手液安全性的科学数据。科学研究表明某些医疗保健用抗菌剂的全身性暴露水平可能被低估,而长期使用可能对人体健康造成潜在风险。这一点在含有醇类和二氯苯氧氯酚的手部消毒产品中尤其值得关注。。[62]
外科手术手部消毒
[编辑]医事人员在进行任何手术之前必须用温和的肥皂洗手,然后再用消毒搓手液来消毒双手。外科手术消毒需用到更多的消毒液剂量和更长的擦拭时间。通常是根据特定的擦手技术进行两次涂抹,符合EN1499(洗手)和德国标准DIN EN 1500(手部消毒),以确保整个手部均涂布有抗菌剂。[63]
无醇类搓手液
[编辑]一些搓手液产品使用醇类以外的药剂来杀灭微生物,例如聚维酮碘、苯扎氯铵或二氯苯氧氯酚。[4]世界卫生组织 (WHO) 和CDC推荐使用"持久性"抗菌剂作为搓手液的成分。[64]持久性的定义为在使用后,可防止或抑制微生物增殖或存活的延续抗菌活性。
实验室研究显示残留的苯扎氯铵可能与MRSA的抗药性有关联。[65][66]粪便细菌可能对酒精消毒剂产生抗药性。[67][68]
研究显示二氯苯氧氯酚会在环境中的生物固体(从污水处理过程中回收的固体有机物)中积累,根据美国国家毒物计划,二氯苯氧氯酚是污水中所含,排名前7种中的有机污染物之一。[69]它会导致自然生物系统出现各种问题,[70]且当它与氯(例如自来水中所含的)结合时会产生多氯联苯,是种人类致癌物质。[71]
虽然无醇类搓手液可能在接触皮肤时立即有效,但替代溶液本身可能会受污染,因为醇类是一种溶液内的防腐剂,溶液中少了它,本身即易受污染。FDA于2009年6月因发现无醇类的Clarcon品牌抗菌搓手液产品受到极高的细菌污染,而要求立即从市场撤下。在制造过程中,任何搓手液受到细菌严重污染都会导致消毒剂失效,并可能导致使用部位受到污染微生物感染。[72]
类型
[编辑]市售的搓手液和医院使用的含有相同的成分:如乙醇和2-丙醇等醇类,有时还会添加四级铵盐类阳离子界面活性剂,例如苯扎氯铵,其添加量最高可达200ppm(百万分之一),以提高抗菌效果。虽然仅含醇类的搓手液引起过敏的情况较少,但香料、防腐剂和四级铵盐可能会导致接触性过敏。[73]这类成分不像醇类一样会蒸发,而是会累积形成"黏腻"的残留物,须用肥皂和水来洗净。
市售的醇类搓手液以及医疗用途的"手部用醇类"或"醇类手部抗菌剂"均有液体、泡沫和易流动的凝胶等剂型。含有60%至95%(体积比)醇类的产品,能有效抗菌。较低的浓度效果较差,大多数产品的醇类含量在60%至80%之间。[74]
除醇类(乙醇、2-丙醇或1-丙醇)之外,搓手液还含有以下成分:[74]
配方
[编辑]WHO配方
[编辑]WHO发布以下配方,以指导可能无法获得市售搓手液的发展中国家,便于自行量产:[2]
配方 1
[编辑]成分 | 所需容量(10升制备) | 有效成分 % (v/v) |
---|---|---|
乙醇 96% | 8333 毫升 | 80% |
甘油 98% | 145 毫升 | 1.45% |
过氧化氢 3% | 417 毫升 | 0.125% |
蒸馏水 | 以蒸馏水补足至10000毫升 | 18.425% |
配方 2
[编辑]成分 | 所需容量(10升制备) | 有效成分 % (v/v) |
---|---|---|
2-丙醇 99.8% | 7515 毫升 | 75% |
甘油 | 145 毫升 | 1.45% |
过氧化氢 3% | 417 毫升 | 0.125% |
蒸馏水 | 以蒸馏水补足至10000毫升 | 23.425% |
制作
[编辑]COVID-19大流行时期
[编辑]WHO于2010年发布一份制造搓手液指南,在2020年COVID-19大流行期间发生搓手液短缺后,这份指南重新引起人们的关注。[2]
由于疫情初期有恐慌性抢购,导致搓手液短缺,人们开始使用浓度为60%至99%的2-丙醇或乙醇作手部消毒。[75]但有对于自制搓手液提出的一些警告,例如用量或成分错误可能导致醇类含量不足以杀死冠状病毒,而让产物无效,甚至有毒。[76]
FDA于2020年6月发布一项建议,不使用墨西哥Eskbiochem SA de CV制造的搓手液产品,理由为其中甲醇含量过高 - 其中有一产品中的甲醇含量高达81%。甲醇可经皮肤吸收,少量即会导致中毒,大量接触会导致"恶心、呕吐、头痛、视力模糊、永久性失明、癫痫发作、昏迷、神经系统永久性损伤或是死亡"。[77]
FDA于2020年8月再将更多会导致危险的搓手液列入警告名单中。[78][79]
参见
[编辑]注记
[编辑]- ^ Medical research papers sometimes use "n-log" to mean a reduction of n on a (base 10) logarithmic scale graphing the number of bacteria, thus "5-log" means a reduction by a factor of 105, or 99.999%
参考文献
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外部链接
[编辑]- Executive Summary: National Stakeholders Meeting on Alcohol-Based Hand-Rubs and Fire Safety in Health Care Facilities. American Hospital Association, Co-Hosted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) and AHA. 2003-07-22. (原始内容存档于2008-03-08).