跳至內容

普遍文法

本頁使用了標題或全文手工轉換
維基百科,自由的百科全書

普遍文法(英語:universal grammar,縮寫為 UG),又譯為普遍語法,一種語言學理論,最有名的提倡者為喬姆斯基。這個理論認為在人類能夠學習到各種文法的普遍能力,是內建在大腦中的。它可以用來解釋語言習得的一般過程,說明兒童在發展語言時,使用同一個法則,來學習不同的語言。

這個想法最早可以追溯到英國的哲學家培根。最早提出這個理論的語言學家,是喬姆斯基沙皮爾、與理察·蒙塔古

培根及早期哲學家

[編輯]

喬姆斯基的理論

[編輯]

20世紀80年代初,喬姆斯基和其他一些語言學家提出了普遍語法理論,也稱為原則與參數理論。

喬姆斯基認為,人類的大腦,只使用幾組固定的規則來組織語言。所以,他假設所有的語言,在底層都擁有相同的文法結構。這幾組有限的規則,稱為普遍文法(universal grammar)。

他們認為,普遍語法是人類所特有的語言知識體系,存在於正常人的大腦中。根據這一原則和參數體系,普遍語法包括一套普遍原則,利用這些原則,可以不斷合成短語;普遍語法還含有一系列參數,這些參數可以幫助和指導普遍原則更好地操作。

參考文獻

[編輯]
  • Ambridge, Ben; Lieven, Elena V. M. Child Language Acquisition. Cambridge University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-521-76804-7. 
  • Baker, Mark C. The Atoms of Language: The Mind's Hidden Rules of Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-19-860632-X.
  • Beattie, James. "Of Universal Grammar". Section II, The Theory of Language (1788). Rpt in Dissertations Moral and Critical (1783, 1986.)
  • Blair, Hugh. Lecture 6, 7, and 8, Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, (1783). Rpt New York: Garland, 1970.
  • Burnett, James. Of the Origin and Progress of Language. Edinburgh, 1774–1792.
  • Chomsky, N. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. MIT Press, 1965. ISBN 0-262-53007-4.
  • Elman, J., Bates, E. et al. Rethinking innateness. MIT Press, 1996.
  • Harris, James. Hermes or A Philosophical Inquiry Concerning Universal Grammar. (1751, 1771.)
  • Kliesch, C. (2012). Making sense of syntax – Innate or acquired? Contrasting universal grammar with other approaches to language acquisition. Journal of European Psychology Students, 3, 88–94,
  • "Of Universal Grammar". In "Grammar". Encyclopædia Britannica, (1771).
  • Pesetsky, David. "Linguistic Universals and Universal Grammar"頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). In The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Ed. Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1999.
  • Sampson, G. The "Language Instinct" Debate. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. ISBN 0-8264-7384-9.
  • Smith, Adam. "Considerations Concerning the First Formation of Languages". In Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres. Ed. J. C. Bryce. Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1983, 203–226.
  • Smith, Adam. "Of the Origin and Progress of Language". Lecture 3, Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres. Ed. J. C. Bryce. Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1983, 9–13.
  • Tomasello, M. Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition. Harvard University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-674-01030-2.
  • Window on Humanity. A Concise Introduction to Anthropology. Conrad Phillip Kottak. Ed. Kevin Witt, Jill Gordon. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2005.
  • White, Lydia. "Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar". Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-79647-4
  • Zuidema, Willem. How the poverty of stimulus solves the poverty of stimulus. "Evolution of Language: Fourth International Conference", Harvard University, March 2002.
  • http://ling.auf.net/lingBuzz/000100頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  • Jackendoff, Ray. Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution. Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press. 2002 (俄語). 
  • Chomsky, Noam: Rules and Representations. Columbia University Press, New York 1980.
  • Chomsky, Noam: Lectures on Government and Binding. Foris, Dordrecht, 1981.
  • Chomsky, Noam: The Minimalist Program. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1995.
  • Christiansen, M. H.; Chater, N. (2008): Language as shaped by the brain.頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31(05): 489–509 (PDF-Datei; 928 kB)
  • Evans, N.; Levinson, S. C. (2009): The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science. In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(05): 429–448 (PDF-Datei; 717 kB)
  • Tomasello, M. (1995): Language is not an instinct. In: Cognitive Development, 10, 131–156 (PDF-Datei; 1,9 MB)
  • Tomasello, Michael: Constructing a Language. A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquistion. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2003.
  • Evans, Vyvyan: The Language Myth: Why Language Is Not an Instinct. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014. ISBN 978-1-107-61975-3.

外部連結

[編輯]

參見

[編輯]