市場社會主義

市場社會主義（英語：Market socialism）是一種經濟體系，涉及市場經濟框架下生產資料的公有制、合作社或社會所有制。市場社會主義與非市場社會主義的區別在於其市場機制被用於分配資本品的和生產資料。 ^[1]^[2]^[3] 根據市場社會主義的具體模式，社會所有的企業產生的利潤（即沒有重新投入到擴大公司淨收入或由私人企業主用於個人消費）能夠以各種方式直接報酬給雇員，作為公共財政來源或者以社會紅利分配給人民。^[4]

市場社會主義與混合經濟的概念不同，因為與混合經濟不同，市場社會主義模式是一種完整並具有自我調節系統的模式。市場社會主義也與資本主義市場經濟體內實施的社會民主政策不同：社會民主主義旨在通過稅收、補貼和社會福利計劃等政策措施實現更大的經濟穩定和平等，而市場社會主義旨在通過改變企業所有權和管理模式實現類似目標。

理論歷史

雖然自19世紀初以來一直存在涉及由社會所有要素市場的經濟提議，但「市場社會主義」一詞僅首次出現在20世紀20年代的社會主義計算爭論中。^[5] 當代市場社會主義源於社會主義經濟學家在20世紀早期到中期的社會主義計算辯論中，他們認為社會主義經濟既不能在經濟計算問題上發揮作用，也不能通過求解經濟協調的聯立方程組來實現，並且得出結論：在社會主義經濟中需要資本市場。^[6]

早期的的市場社會主義模式可以追溯到亞當·斯密的古典經濟學理論，其中包括建議合作社企業的工作在一個自由市場經濟中建立合作企業。這些建議的目標是通過允許個人的按勞分配消除剝削，同時消除由少數個人大量所有社會財富造成的市場扭曲效應。^[7] 市場社會主義的在其提倡者是李嘉圖社會主義經濟學家和互惠（學派）哲學家。在20世紀早期，奧斯卡蘭格和阿勒納所概述了一種新古典主義模式的社會主義，其中包括由中央規劃局(CPB)在定價時等於邊際成本以實現帕累托效率。雖然這些早期的模式沒有依靠真正的市場，但他們都被標記為"市場社會主義"，因為他們利用了財務價格和計算。在美國新古典經濟學家提出的最新模型中，生產資料的公有制是通過股權的股東權益和投資的社會控制來實現的。^[8]

實例

白俄羅斯的經濟體系被描述為市場社會主義^[9]。亦有學者如索爾·埃斯特林（Saul Estrin）以及米莉卡·烏瓦利克（Milica Uvalic）認為南斯拉夫社會主義聯邦共和國曾實行市場社會主義經濟^[10]^[11]。

經濟學家杜巨瀾（Du Julan）和許成鋼通過對中國模式的分析發現，當代中國大陸經濟體系代表的是國家資本主義體系，而不是社會主義市場體系。原因是中國大陸經濟體系中存在金融市場，而在市場社會主義和經典社會主義市場模型中卻沒有金融市場；並且中國大陸的企業利潤由國家保留，而不是以基本收入/社會紅利或類似方式在人口中平均分配，後者是市場社會主義的主要特徵。他們得出結論，中國大陸既不是市場社會主義的形式，也不是穩定的資本主義形式。^[12]

批評

擁護馬克思主義的經濟學家伯特爾·奧爾曼曾經撰文宣稱市場社會主義無法消除對市場的神秘化這一現象，由於市場經濟體制仍然存在，因此即使企業是由勞動者所管理的，這些勞動者仍然必須像資本家那樣致力於增加利潤，但由於在市場社會主義主導下，企業必須考慮到其他勞動者的利益，因此會使企業的經營變得更加困難，結果所產生的效果比資本主義所發揮的作用還要差劣很多，最後伯特爾總結道市場必須要被消除才能解決這些問題^[13]。

希臘共產黨認為市場社會主義是一種資本主義而非社會主義。希臘共產黨認為所謂的「市場社會主義」否定了生產資料社會化和中央調控，促進了資本主義企業的經濟活動，以逐利為原則實現對工人階級的合法剝削。希臘共產黨迫切呼籲各共產黨和工人黨承擔起責任，公開地討論「市場社會主義」的問題。^[14]

參見

參考文獻

^ O'Hara, Phillip. Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2. Routledge. September 2000: 71. ISBN 978-0415241878. Market socialism is the general designation for a number of models of economic systems. On the one hand, the market mechanism is utilized to distribute economic output, to organize production and to allocate factor inputs. On the other hand, the economic surplus accrues to society at large rather than to a class of private (capitalist) owners, through some form of collective, public or social ownership of capital.
^ Buchanan, Alan E. Ethics, Efficiency and the Market. Oxford University Press US. 1985. ISBN 978-0-8476-7396-4, pp. 104–05 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
^ Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century, 2003, by Gregory and Stuart. ISBN 0-618-26181-8. (p. 142): "It is an economic system that combines social ownership of capital with market allocation of capital...The state owns the means of production, and returns accrue to society at large."
^ Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism, by Marangos, John. 2004. International Journal of Political Economy, vol. 34, no. 3, Fall 2004.
^ Steele, David Ramsay. From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. September 1999: 177. ISBN 978-0875484495. It was in the early 1920s that the expression 『market socialism』 (marktsozialismus) became commonplace. A special term was considered necessary to distinguish those socialists prepared to accept some role for factor markets from the now mainstream socialists who were not.
^ Roemer, John. A Future for Socialism. Harvard University Press. January 1, 1994: 28. ISBN 978-0674339460. The first stage was marked by the realization by socialists that prices must be used for economic calculation under socialism; accounting in some kind of 『natural unit,』 such as the amount of energy or labor commodities embodied, simply would not work. The second stage was characterized by the view that it would be possible to calculate the prices at which general equilibrium would be reached in a socialist economy by solving a complicated system of simultaneous equations… The third stage was marked by the realization, by Lange and others, that markets would indeed be required to find the socialist equilibrium…
^ McNally, David. Against the Market: Political economy, market socialism and the Marxist critique. Verso. 1993: 44. ISBN 978-0-86091-606-2. ...by the 1820s, 'Smithian' apologists for industrial capitalism confronted 'Smithian' socialists in a vigorous, and often venomous, debate over political economy.
^ Viktor O. Ledenyov; Dimitri O. Ledenyov. Business cycles in economics. Dusseldorf, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. 2018. ISBN 978-613-8-38864-7.
^ Li, Yan; Cheng, Enfu. Market Socialism in Belarus: An Alternative to China's Socialist Market Economy. World Review of Political Economy. 2020-12-01, 11: 428–454 [2023-07-30]. ISSN 2042-8928. S2CID 236786906. doi:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.11.4.0428. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-04）.
^ The Yugoslav road towards market socialism. University of Cambridge.
^ Yugoslavia: The Case of Self-Managing Market Socialism. American Economic association.
^ Market Socialism or Capitalism? Evidence from Chinese Financial Market Development, by Julan Du and Chenggang Xu. 2005. IEA 2005 Round Table on Market and Socialism.
^ 伯特爾·奧爾曼. 资本主义社会和市场社会主义社会中的市场神秘化. 中文馬克思主義文庫. [2024-01-07]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-20） –透過馬克思主義文庫（中文）.
^ 22nd IMCWP, Contribution by Communist Party of Greece （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），希臘共產黨在二十二次共產黨和工人黨國際會議中的發言。

[1] O'Hara, Phillip. Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2. Routledge. September 2000: 71. ISBN 978-0415241878. Market socialism is the general designation for a number of models of economic systems. On the one hand, the market mechanism is utilized to distribute economic output, to organize production and to allocate factor inputs. On the other hand, the economic surplus accrues to society at large rather than to a class of private (capitalist) owners, through some form of collective, public or social ownership of capital.

[2] Buchanan, Alan E. Ethics, Efficiency and the Market. Oxford University Press US. 1985. ISBN 978-0-8476-7396-4, pp. 104–05 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[3] Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century, 2003, by Gregory and Stuart. ISBN 0-618-26181-8. (p. 142): "It is an economic system that combines social ownership of capital with market allocation of capital...The state owns the means of production, and returns accrue to society at large."

[Social_Dividend_versus_Basic_Income_Guarantee_in_Market_Socialism,_2004-4] Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism, by Marangos, John. 2004. International Journal of Political Economy, vol. 34, no. 3, Fall 2004.

[5] Steele, David Ramsay. From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. September 1999: 177. ISBN 978-0875484495. It was in the early 1920s that the expression 『market socialism』 (marktsozialismus) became commonplace. A special term was considered necessary to distinguish those socialists prepared to accept some role for factor markets from the now mainstream socialists who were not.

[6] Roemer, John. A Future for Socialism. Harvard University Press. January 1, 1994: 28. ISBN 978-0674339460. The first stage was marked by the realization by socialists that prices must be used for economic calculation under socialism; accounting in some kind of 『natural unit,』 such as the amount of energy or labor commodities embodied, simply would not work. The second stage was characterized by the view that it would be possible to calculate the prices at which general equilibrium would be reached in a socialist economy by solving a complicated system of simultaneous equations… The third stage was marked by the realization, by Lange and others, that markets would indeed be required to find the socialist equilibrium…

[7] McNally, David. Against the Market: Political economy, market socialism and the Marxist critique. Verso. 1993: 44. ISBN 978-0-86091-606-2. ...by the 1820s, 'Smithian' apologists for industrial capitalism confronted 'Smithian' socialists in a vigorous, and often venomous, debate over political economy.

[8] Viktor O. Ledenyov; Dimitri O. Ledenyov. Business cycles in economics. Dusseldorf, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. 2018. ISBN 978-613-8-38864-7.

[9] Li, Yan; Cheng, Enfu. Market Socialism in Belarus: An Alternative to China's Socialist Market Economy. World Review of Political Economy. 2020-12-01, 11: 428–454 [2023-07-30]. ISSN 2042-8928. S2CID 236786906. doi:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.11.4.0428. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-04）.

[10] The Yugoslav road towards market socialism. University of Cambridge.

[11] Yugoslavia: The Case of Self-Managing Market Socialism. American Economic association.

[国家资本主义_Market_Socialism_or_Capitalism?_Evidence_from_Chinese_Financial_Market_Development_,_2005-12] Market Socialism or Capitalism? Evidence from Chinese Financial Market Development, by Julan Du and Chenggang Xu. 2005. IEA 2005 Round Table on Market and Socialism.

[13] 伯特爾·奧爾曼. 资本主义社会和市场社会主义社会中的市场神秘化. 中文馬克思主義文庫. [2024-01-07]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-20） –透過馬克思主義文庫（中文）.

[14] 22nd IMCWP, Contribution by Communist Party of Greece （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），希臘共產黨在二十二次共產黨和工人黨國際會議中的發言。

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