保羅·米爾格龍

保羅·米爾格龍 Paul Milgrom
出生	(1948-04-20) 1948年4月20日 美國密西根州底特律
居住地	美國
國籍	美國
母校	史丹佛大學（PhD，1979年） 密西根大學（B.A.，1970年）
知名於	拍賣理論 激勵理論 市場設計
科學生涯
研究領域	經濟學
機構	史丹佛大學（1987年至今） 耶魯大學（1982-1987年） 西北大學 （1979‑1983年）
博士導師	羅伯特·B·威爾遜
博士生	Susan Athey Joshua Gans Yeon-Koo Che

中國大陸	保羅·米爾格羅姆
臺灣	保羅·米爾格龍

保羅·羅伯特·米爾格龍（英語：Paul Robert Milgrom，1948年4月20日—），美國經濟學家，2020年諾貝爾經濟學獎得主。他是史丹佛大學雪萊和倫納德·伊利人文和科學院教授，1987年起就一直擔任此職。米爾格龍是博弈論專家，尤其擅長拍賣理論和定價策略。他還與南希·斯託基一起提出了無交易定理。

生平

1948年生於底特律，1970年畢業於密西根大學學士學位，1979年獲得史丹佛大學博士學位。

出版物

• Milgrom, Paul. The Structure of Information in Competitive Bidding. New York: Garland Press. 1979a.  (Ph.D. Dissertation)
• Milgrom, Paul. A Convergence Theorem for Competitive Bidding with Differential Information. Econometrica. 1979b, 47 (3): 679–88. JSTOR 1910414. doi:10.2307/1910414. 
• Milgrom, Paul. An Axiomatic Characterization of Common Knowledge (PDF). Econometrica. 1981a, 49 (1): 219–222 [2021-06-05]. JSTOR 1911137. doi:10.2307/1911137. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2020-07-13）. 
• Milgrom, Paul. Rational Expectations, Information Acquisition, and Competitive Bidding. Econometrica. 1981b, 49 (4): 921–943. JSTOR 1912511. doi:10.2307/1912511. 
• Milgrom, Paul. Good News and Bad News: Representation Theorems and Applications. Bell Journal of Economics. 1981c, 12 (2): 380–91. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.465.6331 . JSTOR 3003562. doi:10.2307/3003562. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John. Limit Pricing and Entry Under Incomplete Information: An Equilibrium Analysis (PDF). Econometrica. 1982, 50 (2): 443–59 [2021-06-05]. JSTOR 1912637. doi:10.2307/1912637. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2020-10-17）. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John Roberts. Predation, Reputation, and Entry Deterrence (PDF). Journal of Economic Theory. 1982, 27 (2): 280–312 [2021-06-05]. ISSN 0022-0531. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(82)90031-X. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2020-07-13）. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Stokey, Nancy. Information, Trade and Common Knowledge (PDF). Journal of Economic Theory. 1982, 26 (1): 17–27 [2021-06-05]. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(82)90046-1. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2021-01-03）. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Weber, Robert. The Value of Information in a Sealed Bid Auction (PDF). Journal of Mathematical Economics. 1982a, 10 (1): 105–14 [2021-06-05]. ISSN 0304-4068. doi:10.1016/0304-4068(82)90008-8. hdl:10419/220822 . （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2020-07-13）. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Weber, Robert. A Theory of Auctions and Competitive Bidding. Econometrica. 1982b, 50 (5): 1089–1122. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.186.4633 . JSTOR 1911865. doi:10.2307/1911865. 
• Kreps, David; Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John; Wilson, Robert. Rational Cooperation in the Finitely‑Repeated Prisoners' Dilemma (PDF). Journal of Economic Theory. 1982, 27 (2): 245‑252 [2021-06-05]. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(82)90029-1. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2020-10-13）. 
• Engelbrecht-Wiggans, R.; Milgrom, Paul R.; Weber, Robert J. Competitive bidding and proprietary information (PDF). Journal of Mathematical Economics. 1983, 11 (2): 161–169 [2021-06-05]. doi:10.1016/0304-4068(83)90034-4. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2020-10-18）. 
• Milgrom, Paul. Axelrod's "The Evolution of Cooperation". The RAND Journal of Economics. 1984, 15 (2): 305–309. JSTOR 2555683. doi:10.2307/2555683. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Weber, Robert. Distributional Strategies for Games with Incomplete Information (PDF). Mathematics of Operations Research. 1985, 10 (4): 619–32 [2021-06-05]. doi:10.1287/moor.10.4.619. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2020-10-18）. 
• Glosten, Larry; Milgrom, Paul. Bid, Ask and Transactions Prices in a Specialist Market with Insider Trading. Journal of Financial Economics. 1985, 14 (1): 71‑100. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.460.947 . ISSN 0304-405X. doi:10.1016/0304-405X(85)90044-3. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John. Price and Advertising Signals of Product Quality (PDF). Journal of Political Economy. 1986a, 94 (4): 796–821 [2021-06-05]. JSTOR 1833203. S2CID 154506015. doi:10.1086/261408. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2020-08-06）. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John. Relying on the Information of Interested Parties (PDF). The RAND Journal of Economics. 1986b, 17 (1): 18–32 [2021-06-05]. JSTOR 2555625. doi:10.2307/2555625. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2020-08-06）. 
• Holmstrom, Bengt; Milgrom, Paul. Aggregation and Linearity in the Provision of Intertemporal Incentives (PDF). Econometrica. 1987, 55 (2): 303–328 [2021-06-05]. JSTOR 1913238. doi:10.2307/1913238. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2020-10-31）. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John. Informational Asymmetries, Strategic Behavior, and Industrial Organization. The American Economic Review. 1987, 77 (2): 184–193. JSTOR 1805448. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Oster, Sharon. Job Discrimination, Market Forces and the Invisibility Hypothesis (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1987, 102 (3): 453–476 [2021-06-05]. JSTOR 1884213. doi:10.2307/1884213. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2020-08-06）. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John. An Economic Approach to Influence Activities and Organizational Responses. American Journal of Sociology. 1988, 94: S154–S179. JSTOR 2780245. S2CID 154341784. doi:10.1086/228945. 
• Milgrom, Paul. Employment Contracts, Influence Activities, and Efficient Organization Design. Journal of Political Economy. 1988, 96 (1): 42–60 [2021-06-05]. JSTOR 1830709. S2CID 154458173. doi:10.1086/261523. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-05）. 
• Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts. Communication and Inventories as Substitutes in Organizing Production. Scandinavian Journal of Economics. 1988, 90 (3): 275–289. JSTOR 3440309. doi:10.2307/3440309. 
• Milgrom, Paul. Auctions and Bidding: A Primer. The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1989, 3 (3): 3–22. JSTOR 1942756. doi:10.1257/jep.3.3.3. 
• Fudenberg, Drew; Holmstrom, Bengt and Paul Milgrom. Short-term contracts and long-term agency relationships. Journal of Economic Theory. 1990, 51 (1): 154–159. JSTOR 2006561. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(90)90048-O. hdl:1721.1/64269 . 
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John. The Efficiency of Equity in Organizational Decision Processes. The American Economic Review. 1990a, 80 (2): 1–31. ISSN 0022-0531. JSTOR 2006561. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(90)90048-O. hdl:1721.1/64269 . 
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John. The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Technology, Strategy and Organization. American Economic Review. 1990b, 80 (3): 511–28. JSTOR 2006681. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John. Rationalizability, Learning and Equilibrium in Games With Strategic Complementarities. Econometrica. 1990c, 58 (6): 1255–1278. JSTOR 2938316. doi:10.2307/2938316. 
• Milgrom, Paul; North, Douglass C.; Weingast, Barry R. The role of institutions in the revival of trade: the law merchant, private judges, and the champagne fairs. Economics and Politics. 1990, 2 (1): 1–23. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.669.1678 . doi:10.1111/j.1468-0343.1990.tb00020.x. 
• Holmstrom, Bengt; Milgrom, Paul. Multitask Principal-Agent Analyses: Incentive Contracts, Asset Ownership and Job Design. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization. 1991, 7: 303–328. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.715.3715 . JSTOR 764957. doi:10.1093/jleo/7.special_issue.24. 
• Abreu, D.; Milgrom, Paul; Pearce, David. Information and Timing in Repeated Partnerships. Econometrica. 1991, 59 (6): 1713–1733. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.295.1370 . JSTOR 2938286. doi:10.2307/2938286. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Qian, Yingi; Roberts, John. Complementarities, Momentum, and the Evolution of Modern Manufacturing. The American Economic Review. 1991, 81 (2): 84–88. JSTOR 2006831. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John. Adaptive and sophisticated learning in normal form games. Games and Economic Behavior. 1991, 82 (100): 82–100. ISSN 0899-8256. doi:10.1016/0899-8256(91)90006-Z. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John. Economics, Organization and Management. Prentice Hall. 1992. ISBN 978-0132246507.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
• Bresnahan, Timothy F.; Milgrom, Paul; Paul, Jonathan. The Real Output of the Stock Exchange. Output Measurement in the Services Sectors. 1992: 195–216. 
• Meyer, Margaret; Paul Milgrom; Roberts, John. Organizational Prospects, Influence Costs, and Ownership Changes. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy. 1992, 1 (1): 9–35. doi:10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00009.x. 
• Milgrom, Paul. Comparing Optima: Do Simplifying Assumptions Affect Conclusions?. Journal of Political Economy. 1994, 102 (3): 607–615. JSTOR 2138625. S2CID 153568621. doi:10.1086/261948. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John. Comparing Equilibria. The American Economic Review. 1994, 84 (3): 441–459. JSTOR 2118061. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Shannon, Chris. Monotone Comparative Statics. Econometrica. 1994, 62 (1): 157–180. JSTOR 2951479. doi:10.2307/2951479. 
• Holmstrom, Bengt; Milgrom, Paul. The Firm as an Incentive System. The American Economic Review. 1994, 84 (4): 972–991. JSTOR 2118041. 
• Greif, Avner; Milgrom, Paul; Weingast, Barry R. Coordination, Commitment, and Enforcement: The Case of the Merchant Guild. Journal of Political Economy. 1994, 102 (4): 745–776. JSTOR 2138763. S2CID 154501745. doi:10.1086/261953. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John. Complementarities and Fit: Strategy, Structure and Organizational Change in Manufacturing. Journal of Accounting and Economics. 1994, 19 (2–3): 179–208. ISSN 0165-4101. doi:10.1016/0165-4101(94)00382-f. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John. The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Reply. The American Economic Review. 1995, 85 (4): 997–999. JSTOR 2118249. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John. The LeChatelier Principle. The American Economic Review. 1996a, 86 (1): 113–128. JSTOR 2118261. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John. Coalition-Proofness and Correlation with Arbitrary Communication Possibilities. Games and Economic Behavior. 1996b, 17 (1): 173–179. doi:10.1006/game.1996.0096. 
• Milgrom, Paul. Game theory and the spectrum auctions. European Economic Review. 1998, 42 (3–5): 771–778. ISSN 0014-2921. doi:10.1016/S0014-2921(97)00146-3. 
• Milgrom, Paul. Putting Auction Theory to Work: The Simulteneous Ascending Auction. Journal of Political Economy. 2000, 108 (2): 245–272. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.195.7314 . JSTOR 262118. S2CID 14242011. doi:10.1086/262118. 
• Ausubel, Lawrence M.; Milgrom, Paul. Ascending Auctions with Package Bidding. The B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics. 2002, 1 (1). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.528.8990 . ISSN 1534-5963. S2CID 1083684. doi:10.2202/1534-5963.1019. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Segal, Ilya. Envelope Theorems for Arbitrary Choice Sets. Econometrica. 2002, 70 (2): 583–601. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.217.4736 . JSTOR 2692283. SSRN 312251 . doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00296. 
• Milgrom, Paul. Putting Auction Theory to Work. Cambridge University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-521-53672-1. 
• Hatfield, John W.; Milgrom, Paul. Matching with Contracts. The American Economic Review. 2005, 95 (4): 913–935 [2022-05-30]. JSTOR 4132699. doi:10.1257/0002828054825466. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-20）. 
• Ausubel, Lawrence M.; Cramton, Peter; Milgrom, Paul. Cramton, Peter; Shoham, Yoav; Steinberg, Richard , 編. The Clock-Proxy Auction: A Practical Combinatorial Auction Design. In Combinatorial Auctions, Edited by Cramton, P., Shoham, Y., and Steinberg, R. (MIT Press). 2006. ISBN 978-0-2620-3342-8. doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262033428.001.0001. 
• Ausubel, Lawrence M.; Milgrom, Paul. Cramton, P.; Shoham, Y.; Steinberg, R. , 編. The Lovely but Lonely Vickrey Auction. In Combinatorial Auctions (MIT press). 2006a: 17–40. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.120.7158 . ISBN 9780262033428. doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262033428.003.0002. 
• Ausubel, Lawrence M.; Milgrom, Paul. Cramton, P.; Shoham, Y.; Steinberg, R. , 編. Ascending Proxy Auctions. In Combinatorial Auctions. 2006b. 
• Milgrom, Paul. Package Auctions and Exchanges. Econometrica. 2007, 75 (4): 935–965. JSTOR 4502017. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2007.00778.x. 
• Milgrom, Paul. What the Seller Won't Tell You: Persuasion and Disclosure in Markets. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2008, 22 (2): 115–131. JSTOR 27648244. doi:10.1257/jep.22.2.115 . 
• Hall, Robert E.; Milgrom, Paul R. The Limited Influence of Unemployment on the Wage Bargain. The American Economic Review. 2008, 98 (4): 1653–1674. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.516.6267 . JSTOR 29730140. S2CID 18040832. doi:10.1257/aer.98.4.1653. 
• Day, R.; Milgrom, Paul. Core-selecting package auctions. International Journal of Game Theory. 2008, 36 (3–4): 393–407. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.529.9950 . S2CID 7593117. doi:10.1007/s00182-007-0100-7. 
• Milgrom, Paul. Assignment Messages and Exchanges. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics. 2009, 1 (2): 95–113. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.487.2981 . doi:10.1257/mic.1.2.95. 
• Milgrom, Paul; Bruno Strulovici. Substitute goods, auctions, and equilibrium. Journal of Economic Theory. 2009, 144 (1): 212–247. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.497.9686 . doi:10.1016/j.jet.2008.05.002. 
• Milgrom, Paul. Ascending Prices and Package Bidding: A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics. 2010, 2 (3): 160–185. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.727.4004 . doi:10.1257/mic.2.3.160. 
• Milgrom, Paul. Simplified mechanisms with an application to sponsored-search auctions. Games and Economic Behavior. 2010, 70 (1): 62–70. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.151.6989 . SSRN 1022220 . doi:10.1016/j.geb.2008.12.003. 
• Levin, Jonathan; Milgrom, Paul. Online Advertising: Heterogeneity and Conflation in Market Design. American Economic Review. 2010, 100 (2): 603–607. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.727.1750 . doi:10.1257/aer.100.2.603. 
• Milgrom, Paul. Critical Issues in the Practice of Market Design. Economic Inquiry. 2011, 49 (2): 311–320. S2CID 153765277. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2010.00357.x. 
• Budish, E.; Che, Y.-K.; Kojima, F.; Milgrom, Paul. Designing Random Allocation Mechanisms: Theory and Applications. American Economic Review. 2013, 103 (2): 585–623. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.649.5582 . doi:10.1257/aer.103.2.585. 

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