错觉相关
外观
错觉相关(英语:Illusory correlation)是指两种事物无相关性或关联较弱,但人们却误以为认为它们之间存在关联或存在极强关联。[1]由于罕见或新奇的事件较为显著,因此容易吸引人的注意力,因此可能会形成错误的关联。这种现象是刻板印象形成和持续的一种方式。[2][3] Hamilton & Rose (1980)发现,刻板印象会让人们预期某些群体和特征会合在一起,然后高估这些关联实际发生的频率。[4]这些刻板印象可以在刻板印象的持有者和它所针对的群体之间没有任何实际接触的情况下被学习和延续。
历史
[编辑]“错觉相关”(Illusory correlation)一词最初是由Chapman(1967年)所创造,用来描述当显示出与众不同且不寻常的资讯时,人们会高估两个群体之间关系的倾向。[5] Chapmans驳斥了许多临床医师在罗夏克墨渍测验中广泛使用的惠勒同性恋征兆,因此这个概念被用来质疑临床心理学中的客观知识。[6]
参见
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Pelham, Brett; Blanton, Hart. Conducting Research in Psychology: measuring the weight of smoke 4th. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. 2013: 11–12 [2007] [2021-08-20]. ISBN 978-0-495-59819-0. (原始内容存档于2021-08-20).
- ^ Mullen, Brian; Johnson, Craig. Distinctiveness-based illusory correlations and stereotyping: A meta-analytic integration. British Journal of Social Psychology. 1990, 29 (1): 11–28. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00883.x.
- ^ Stroessner, Steven J.; Plaks, Jason E. https://books.google.com/books?id=DE-cJ8F4rSMC&pg=PA247
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缺少标题 (帮助). Moskowitz, Gordon B. (编). Cognitive Social Psychology: The Princeton Symposium on the Legacy and Future of Social Cognition. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2001: 247–259 [2021-08-20]. ISBN 978-0-8058-3414-7. (原始内容存档于2022-03-19). - ^ Peeters, Vivian E. The Persistence of Stereotypic Beliefs: a Cognitive View. Richard P. Bagozzi; Alice M. Tybout (编). Advances in Consumer Research 10. Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Consumer Research. 1983: 454–458.
- ^ Chapman, Loren J. Illusory correlation in observational report. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1967, 6 (1): 151–155. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(67)80066-5.
- ^ Chapman, Loren J.; Chapman, Jean P. Illusory Correlation as an Obstacle to the Use of Valid Psychodiagnostic Signs. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1969, 74 (3): 271–80. PMID 4896551. doi:10.1037/h0027592.
来源
[编辑]- Hamilton, David L.; Rose, Terrence L. Illusory correlation and the maintenance of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1980, 39 (5): 832–845. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.832.
- Kunda, Ziva. Social Cognition: Making Sense of People. MIT Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-262-61143-5. OCLC 40618974.
- Plous, Scott. The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making. McGraw-Hill. 1993. ISBN 978-0-07-050477-6. OCLC 26931106.
- Whitley, Bernard E.; Kite, Mary E. The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 2010. ISBN 978-0-495-59964-7. OCLC 695689517.