錯覺相關
外觀
錯覺相關(英語:Illusory correlation)是指兩種事物無相關性或關聯較弱,但人們卻誤以為認為它們之間存在關聯或存在極強關聯。[1]由於罕見或新奇的事件較為顯著,因此容易吸引人的注意力,因此可能會形成錯誤的關聯。這種現象是刻板印象形成和持續的一種方式。[2][3] Hamilton & Rose (1980)發現,刻板印象會讓人們預期某些群體和特徵會合在一起,然後高估這些關聯實際發生的頻率。[4]這些刻板印象可以在刻板印象的持有者和它所針對的群體之間沒有任何實際接觸的情況下被學習和延續。
歷史
[編輯]「錯覺相關」(Illusory correlation)一詞最初是由Chapman(1967年)所創造,用來描述當顯示出與眾不同且不尋常的資訊時,人們會高估兩個群體之間關係的傾向。[5] Chapmans駁斥了許多臨床醫師在羅夏克墨漬測驗中廣泛使用的惠勒同性戀徵兆,因此這個概念被用來質疑臨床心理學中的客觀知識。[6]
參見
[編輯]參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Pelham, Brett; Blanton, Hart. Conducting Research in Psychology: measuring the weight of smoke 4th. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. 2013: 11–12 [2007] [2021-08-20]. ISBN 978-0-495-59819-0. (原始內容存檔於2021-08-20).
- ^ Mullen, Brian; Johnson, Craig. Distinctiveness-based illusory correlations and stereotyping: A meta-analytic integration. British Journal of Social Psychology. 1990, 29 (1): 11–28. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00883.x.
- ^ Stroessner, Steven J.; Plaks, Jason E. https://books.google.com/books?id=DE-cJ8F4rSMC&pg=PA247
|chapterurl=
缺少標題 (幫助). Moskowitz, Gordon B. (編). Cognitive Social Psychology: The Princeton Symposium on the Legacy and Future of Social Cognition. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2001: 247–259 [2021-08-20]. ISBN 978-0-8058-3414-7. (原始內容存檔於2022-03-19). - ^ Peeters, Vivian E. The Persistence of Stereotypic Beliefs: a Cognitive View. Richard P. Bagozzi; Alice M. Tybout (編). Advances in Consumer Research 10. Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Consumer Research. 1983: 454–458.
- ^ Chapman, Loren J. Illusory correlation in observational report. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1967, 6 (1): 151–155. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(67)80066-5.
- ^ Chapman, Loren J.; Chapman, Jean P. Illusory Correlation as an Obstacle to the Use of Valid Psychodiagnostic Signs. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1969, 74 (3): 271–80. PMID 4896551. doi:10.1037/h0027592.
來源
[編輯]- Hamilton, David L.; Rose, Terrence L. Illusory correlation and the maintenance of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1980, 39 (5): 832–845. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.832.
- Kunda, Ziva. Social Cognition: Making Sense of People. MIT Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-262-61143-5. OCLC 40618974.
- Plous, Scott. The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making. McGraw-Hill. 1993. ISBN 978-0-07-050477-6. OCLC 26931106.
- Whitley, Bernard E.; Kite, Mary E. The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 2010. ISBN 978-0-495-59964-7. OCLC 695689517.