猶太人離開穆斯林世界
猶太人離開穆斯林世界是指20世紀（1948年至1970年代初為主），大約900000猶太人因為各種原因離開非洲和亞洲的穆斯林世界。以色列獨立宣言是導致猶太人離開穆斯林世界的重要原因。伊朗伊斯蘭革命爆發後，伊朗境內的猶太人離開伊朗。此後穆斯林世界的猶太人人口就非常少。據估計，這些離開穆斯林世界的猶太人中至少有650000（72%）人前往以色列定居。 [1]
20世紀初，一些定居在中東穆斯林世界（例如也門和敘利亞）的猶太人移民到巴勒斯坦地區。 [2]在英國託管巴勒斯坦期間，來自穆斯林世界的猶太人移民比較少。 [3] 1948年以色列獨立之前，大約有800000猶太人生活在阿拉伯世界。其中，近三分之二生活在法國和意大利控制下的北非地區，15-20%生活在伊拉克王國，約10%生活在埃及王國，約7%生活在也門穆塔瓦基利亞王國。另有200000猶太人在伊朗王國和土耳其境內定居。
20世紀40年代末和1950年代初爆發第一波穆斯林世界猶太人移民潮，許多猶太人離開伊拉克、也門和利比亞。 [4] 1948年至1951年間， 有260000猶太人離開阿拉伯世界前往以色列。 [5]以色列政府決定接納他們。 [6]
1956年第二次中東戰爭爆發後，許多埃及猶太人離開埃及。20世紀60年代，又有許多猶太人離開北非。此時黎巴嫩是唯一一個猶太人人口有所增加的阿拉伯國家，不過到了20世紀70年代中期，黎巴嫩的猶太人人口也有所減少。截至1972 年，已有600000猶太人離開阿拉伯和穆斯林國家前往以色列， [7][8][9] ，另有300000人前往法國和美國。這導致來自中東地區的猶太人（米茲拉希猶太人和塞法迪猶太人）占以色列總人口的一半以上。 [10] 截至2009年，只有26000名猶太人依然留在阿拉伯國家和伊朗， [11]另有26000名猶太人依然留在土耳其。 [12] 截至2019年，阿拉伯國家和伊朗的猶太人人口又下降至12,700人， [13] 土耳其的猶太人人口下降至14,800。 [14]
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Beker 2005，第4頁.
- ^ Simon, Laskier & Reguer 2003: "Before the 1940s only two communities, Yemen and Syria, made substantial aliyah."
- ^ Picard 2018，第4頁: "In fact, few Jews from Muslim countries immigrated to Palestine during the years of the British Mandate.
- ^ Aharoni, Ada. The Forced Migration of Jews from Arab Countries. Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice (Routledge). 2003, 15 (1): 53–60 [2024-01-17]. S2CID 145345386. doi:10.1080/1040265032000059742. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-10）.
- ^ Shindler, Colin. A History of modern Israel. Cambridge University Press 2008. pp. 63–64.
- ^ Hakohen, Devorah. Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After. Syracuse University Press. 2003: 46. ISBN 978-0-8156-2969-6.
After independence, the government presented the Knesset with a plan to double the Jewish population within four years. This meant bringing in 600000 immigrants in a four-year period. or 150000 per year. Absorbing 150000 newcomers annually under the trying conditions facing the new state was a heavy burden indeed. Opponents in the Jewish Agency and the government of mass immigration argued that there was no justification for organizing large-scale emigration among Jews whose lives were not in danger, particularly when the desire and motivation were not their own.
- ^ Schwartz, Adi. All I Wanted was Justice. Haaretz. 4 January 2008 [14 November 2010]. （原始內容存檔於20 March 2016）.
- ^ Malka Hillel Shulewitz, The Forgotten Millions: The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands, Continuum 2001, pp. 139 and 155.
- ^ Ada Aharoni "The Forced Migration of Jews from Arab Countries 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期13 February 2012., Historical Society of Jews from Egypt website. Accessed 1 February 2009.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla. The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History [4 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. 12 May 2008. ISBN 978-1-85109-842-2.
- ^ The Rebirth of the Middle East, Jerry M. Rosenberg, Hamilton Books, 2009, page 44
- ^ Turkish – Jewish Friendship Over 500 Years. [13 November 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014-08-17）.
- ^ Jewish Population of the World. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. [2 July 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-13）.
- ^ Jewish Population of the World. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. [2 July 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-13）.
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