犹太人离开穆斯林世界
犹太人离开穆斯林世界是指20世纪（1948年至1970年代初为主），大约900000犹太人因为各种原因离开非洲和亚洲的穆斯林世界。以色列独立宣言是导致犹太人离开穆斯林世界的重要原因。伊朗伊斯兰革命爆发后，伊朗境内的犹太人离开伊朗。此后穆斯林世界的犹太人人口就非常少。据估计，这些离开穆斯林世界的犹太人中至少有650000（72%）人前往以色列定居。 [1]
20世纪初，一些定居在中东穆斯林世界（例如也门和叙利亚）的犹太人移民到巴勒斯坦地区。 [2]在英国托管巴勒斯坦期间，来自穆斯林世界的犹太人移民比较少。 [3] 1948年以色列独立之前，大约有800000犹太人生活在阿拉伯世界。其中，近三分之二生活在法国和意大利控制下的北非地区，15-20%生活在伊拉克王国，约10%生活在埃及王国，约7%生活在也门穆塔瓦基利亚王国。另有200000犹太人在伊朗王国和土耳其境内定居。
20世纪40年代末和1950年代初爆发第一波穆斯林世界犹太人移民潮，许多犹太人离开伊拉克、也门和利比亚。 [4] 1948年至1951年间， 有260000犹太人离开阿拉伯世界前往以色列。 [5]以色列政府决定接纳他们。 [6]
1956年第二次中东战争爆发后，许多埃及犹太人离开埃及。20世纪60年代，又有许多犹太人离开北非。此时黎巴嫩是唯一一个犹太人人口有所增加的阿拉伯国家，不过到了20世纪70年代中期，黎巴嫩的犹太人人口也有所减少。截至1972 年，已有600000犹太人离开阿拉伯和穆斯林国家前往以色列， [7][8][9] ，另有300000人前往法国和美国。这导致来自中东地区的犹太人（米兹拉希犹太人和塞法迪犹太人）占以色列总人口的一半以上。 [10] 截至2009年，只有26000名犹太人依然留在阿拉伯国家和伊朗， [11]另有26000名犹太人依然留在土耳其。 [12] 截至2019年，阿拉伯国家和伊朗的犹太人人口又下降至12,700人， [13] 土耳其的犹太人人口下降至14,800。 [14]
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Beker 2005，第4页.
- ^ Simon, Laskier & Reguer 2003: "Before the 1940s only two communities, Yemen and Syria, made substantial aliyah."
- ^ Picard 2018，第4页: "In fact, few Jews from Muslim countries immigrated to Palestine during the years of the British Mandate.
- ^ Aharoni, Ada. The Forced Migration of Jews from Arab Countries. Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice (Routledge). 2003, 15 (1): 53–60 [2024-01-17]. S2CID 145345386. doi:10.1080/1040265032000059742. （原始内容存档于2017-10-10）.
- ^ Shindler, Colin. A History of modern Israel. Cambridge University Press 2008. pp. 63–64.
- ^ Hakohen, Devorah. Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After. Syracuse University Press. 2003: 46. ISBN 978-0-8156-2969-6.
After independence, the government presented the Knesset with a plan to double the Jewish population within four years. This meant bringing in 600000 immigrants in a four-year period. or 150000 per year. Absorbing 150000 newcomers annually under the trying conditions facing the new state was a heavy burden indeed. Opponents in the Jewish Agency and the government of mass immigration argued that there was no justification for organizing large-scale emigration among Jews whose lives were not in danger, particularly when the desire and motivation were not their own.
- ^ Schwartz, Adi. All I Wanted was Justice. Haaretz. 4 January 2008 [14 November 2010]. （原始内容存档于20 March 2016）.
- ^ Malka Hillel Shulewitz, The Forgotten Millions: The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands, Continuum 2001, pp. 139 and 155.
- ^ Ada Aharoni "The Forced Migration of Jews from Arab Countries 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期13 February 2012., Historical Society of Jews from Egypt website. Accessed 1 February 2009.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla. The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History [4 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. 12 May 2008. ISBN 978-1-85109-842-2.
- ^ The Rebirth of the Middle East, Jerry M. Rosenberg, Hamilton Books, 2009, page 44
- ^ Turkish – Jewish Friendship Over 500 Years. [13 November 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-08-17）.
- ^ Jewish Population of the World. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. [2 July 2021]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-13）.
- ^ Jewish Population of the World. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. [2 July 2021]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-13）.
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