一個二維晶體及其倒易點陣
倒易點陣(英語:reciprocal lattice),又稱倒(易)晶格、倒(易)格子,是物理學中描述空間波函數的傅立葉變換後的周期性的一種方法。相對於正晶格所描述的實空間周期性,倒晶格描述的是動量空間,亦可認為是k空間的周期性。根據位置和動量所滿足的龐特里亞金對偶性,布拉菲晶格的倒晶格仍然是一種布拉菲晶格,而倒晶格的倒晶格就會變回原始晶格(正晶格)。
對於以
為基矢的一維晶格,其倒格子的基矢為

對於以
為基矢的二維晶格,定義其二維平面法線向量為
,其倒格子的基矢為


對三維晶格而言,我們定義素晶胞的基矢
,可以用下列公式決定倒晶格的晶胞基矢



倒晶格與正晶格的基矢滿足以下關係

定義三維中的倒晶格向量G

其中(h,k,l)為密勒指數,向量G的模長與正晶格的晶面間距有以下關係

向量G和正晶格向量R有以下關係


三維倒晶格中的晶胞體積ΩG和正晶格的晶胞體積Ω有以下關係

在此以一維晶格為例。在一個以
為基矢的一維晶格中,其波函數應該為布洛赫波

定義其倒晶格向量



以及一個函數

由於
是一個布洛赫波包,滿足

所以

也是一個布洛赫波包。則波函數有以下性質

可見,倒晶格向量G描述了波函數在以k為基矢的動量空間(k空間)內的周期性。其向量單位,即倒晶格的基矢
是描述k空間中平移對稱性的基矢。其最小可重複單位,即倒晶格的晶胞,稱為第一布里淵區。由於波矢k和動量與波函數對應的能量密切相關,在能帶理論中也用來解釋能帶的周期性。
晶體衍射滿足布拉格定律

定義入射波波矢為
,則上述公式可變換為

因此滿足布拉格定律的晶體衍射反映的不是正晶格,而是倒晶格。
進一步將以上公式轉化為向量形式,定義入射波波矢為
,反射波波矢為
,可以得到

這個形式也和勞厄方程式相符。
晶體衍射的想法也可以用來解釋能帶結構中,為什麼能量的分布是不連續的。
簡單立方晶體的素格子基矢可以寫成



體積為

可推得倒晶格的素格子基矢



所以簡單立方晶體的倒晶格同樣為簡單立方晶體,但是晶格常數為
。
面心立方晶體的素格子基矢可以寫成下列三項



體積為

可推得倒晶格之素格子基矢



面心立方晶體的倒晶格為體心立方晶體。
體心立方晶體的素格子基矢可以寫成下列三項



體積為

可推得倒晶格之素格子基矢



可得知體心立方晶體之倒晶格為面心立方晶體。
在布拉菲晶格中,三軸互為九十度的
(立方, 正方, 斜方)的晶體結構,是很容易被證明其倒晶格空間之三軸
與其真實晶格之三軸有垂直的關係.