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阿拉伯复兴社会党—叙利亚地区

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阿拉伯复兴社会党—叙利亚地区
حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي
总书记巴沙尔·阿萨德
成立1947年4月7日 (1947-04-07)
总部大马士革
党报《复兴》
《革命》
意识形态新复兴主义

历史上：

政治立场左翼[22]
国内组织全国进步阵线
阿拉伯组织阿拉伯复兴社会党（1947年—1966年）
阿拉伯复兴社会党 (叙利亚主导派)（英语：Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)）（1966年至今）
人民议会
169 / 250 （68%）
党旗
官方网站
www.baathparty.sy
叙利亚政治
政党 · 选举

阿拉伯复兴社会党—叙利亚地区（阿拉伯语：حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي – قطر سوريا‎，罗马化：Ḥizb al-Ba'th al-'Arabī al-Ishtirākī – Quṭr Sūriyā），简称叙利亚复兴党，叙利亚执政党，于1963年发动军事政变取得政权。1970年，阿萨德家族发动“纠正运动”，夺取叙利亚政权和复兴党领导权，统治至今。

背景

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该党的背景主要是由阿拉维派的军方和民兵组成，并由阿萨德家族直接操纵和控制。该党自1980年一直获苏联（及其继承者俄罗斯）、伊朗、朝鲜、中华人民共和国，以及黎巴嫩真主党的支持及军事援助。该党强烈反对美国、英国和法国，不承认以色列为主权国家，并要求以色列归还自1967年被其军事占领的戈兰高地，作为和平谈判相互承认的基础。

历史

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早期历史

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该党的前身可追溯自1940年代兴于叙利亚小资产阶级知识分子中的阿拉伯复兴党 (Arab Ba'th Party)。阿拉伯复兴党的创始人米歇尔·阿弗拉克和萨拉赫丁·比塔尔分别为希腊东正教教徒及逊尼派穆斯林[23]，但因两者均希望统一阿拉伯国家而开始以“阿拉伯复兴运动”的名义进行具有政党性质的政治活动[24]。1943年7月，阿弗拉克提出党的口号为“统一的阿拉伯民族，具有不朽的使命[25]”。1947年4月，在大马士革联合召开第一届民族代表大会，大会选举阿弗拉克为党主席，比塔尔为党总书记，党纲强调“阿拉伯祖国是政治经济不可分割的整体”，复兴党正在领导“一个争取阿拉伯统一、自由和社会主义的人民民族革命运动[25]。”该党的主要支持者是大马士革的伊斯兰教逊尼派和基督教知识分子，也受大量逊尼派穆斯林主体外的少数族群支持，并在叙利亚北部阿拉维派和南部德鲁兹人聚居地区设有分支[24]。1952年，与倡导革新封建土地所有制并反对外来侵略的阿拉伯社会党合并[24]。1954年，复兴党成为叙利亚议会第二大党，并且有两个成员成为外交部长及经济部长[26]。1955年，复兴党一位高级成员阿德南·马尔基（英语：Adnan al-Malki）被叙利亚民族社会党成员暗杀，复兴党便对叙利亚社会民族党进行清洗。1958年2月1日，叙利亚与埃及两国合并成立阿拉伯联合共和国，解散复兴党等的所有叙利亚政党[27]。1962年，在黎巴嫩召开会议，决定在叙利亚重建复兴党，并且建立临时地区领导机构[28]。

上台

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参见：1963年叙利亚政变和纠正运动

1963年3月8日，下级军官发动军事政变，成功夺取国家政权，对复兴党政权的权力结构演变具有决定性的意义，标志着年轻且激进的下级军官成员在党内的兴起。1966年，萨拉赫·贾迪德及哈菲兹·阿萨德发动政变，夺取复兴党民族领导机构和地区领导机构领导权。1967年第三次中东战争后，新复兴党人逐渐产生了以贾迪德为首的激进派和以阿萨德为首的务实军人派的两个派别，并且在对内对外政策主张等方面发生严重分歧，甚至出现了以民族领导机构和以地区领导机构为背景的两个权力中心[29]。1970年11月13日，阿萨德发动不流血军事政变，并被其描述成“响应我国人民的要求和愿望”而发动的“纠正运动”。从此开启了叙利亚阿萨德时代，直至2000年6月阿萨德去世[25]。

内战

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主条目：叙利亚内战

受到阿拉伯之春的影响，叙利亚反对派于2011年1月26日开始，组织民众和平示威，要求叙利亚政府实行政治改革、恢复公民权利，以及结束自1963年以来实行的国家紧急状态。巴沙尔·阿萨德于2011年1月31日接受《华尔街日报》采访时，表示自己需要作出改变以适应民众不断崛起的政治诉求和经济需要[30][31]。根据巴沙尔的改革承诺，当局于4月21日废除了紧急状态法，并在8月4日由巴沙尔签署了允许各派别建立合法政党的政党法法令。

与此同时，受西方支持的叙利亚国外反对派以及变节的政府军士兵分别组建了自由叙利亚军以及叙利亚全国委员会，同时基地组织也潜入叙利亚，并与反政府武装建立了联系，叙利亚由此正式进入内战。

从大体上讲，叙利亚政府主要受到来自俄罗斯、伊朗、朝鲜及中国的军事援助，而叙利亚反对派则受到大部分西方国家、海湾六国以及由穆斯林兄弟会掌权的逊尼派阿拉伯国家的武器和资金援助。分析认为，一旦阿萨德家族为首的复兴党政权倒台，激进逊尼派掌权，伊朗必然会首当其冲，成为其他逊尼派阿拉伯国家和西方的重要打击对象。

参见

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参考资料

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  1. ^ Korany, Baghat; Dessouki, Ali (2010). The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 423–424. ISBN 978-977-416-360-9.
  2. ^ Viorst, Milton (1995). Sandcastles: The Arabs in Search of the Modern World. Syracuse University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0224033237.
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  4. ^ Phillips, Christopher. The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East. London, UK: Yale University Press. 2020: 11. ISBN 978-0-300-21717-9. 
  5. ^ Atassi, Karim. Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political Regimes. New York, NY 10006, USA: Cambridge University Press. 2018: 259–262, 382. ISBN 978-1-107-18360-5. doi:10.1017/9781316872017. 
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  7. ^ Atassi, Karim. Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political Regimes. New York, NY 10006, USA: Cambridge University Press. 2018: 262, 344. ISBN 978-1-107-18360-5. doi:10.1017/9781316872017. 
  8. ^ C. Tucker, Spencer. Baath party. U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century 1. California, USA: ABC-CLIO. 2015: 135, 136. ISBN 978-1-4408-3878-1. 
  9. ^ [7][8]
  10. ^ The Israel Economist 26–27. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970: 61. The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism. 
  11. ^ Syrian nationalism is all about masculinity. The Conversation. 13 December 2017 [19 July 2023]. And just as these ideas are at the forefront of the Syrian conflict, they will be very familiar to any ordinary Syrian. Assad’s invigorated nationalism is a highly amplified and intensified version of the same nationalist ideology that we have all experienced over the last four decades. 
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  13. ^ Nisan, Mordechai. 5: Syria: The Occupation of Lebanon. Politics and War in Lebanon: Unraveling the Enigma. 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA: Routledge. 2017: 93–116. ISBN 978-1-4128-5667-6. 
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  15. ^ Baʿath Party. Britannica. 2020. The Baʿath Party espoused nonalignment and opposition to imperialism and colonialism... 
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  17. ^ Wieland, Carsten. SYRIA'S CHALLENGES AFTER THE ELECTION YEAR IS BASHAR AL-ASAD PART OF THE PROBLEM OR PART OF THE SOLUTION IN THE MIDDLE EAST?. Papel Politico. June 2007, 12 (1): 209–236. 
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  19. ^ Walt, Stephen. 3:From the Baghdad Pact to the Six Day War. The Origins of Alliances. Cornell University Press. 1987: 87–88. ISBN 978-0-8014-9418-5. yet another coup d'etat in Syria in February 1966 ousted the old guard of the Ba'th Party... and gave a radical faction (subsequently dubbed the neo-Ba'th) undisputed power. Abandoning the traditional goal of Arab unity, the new leaders proclaimed a radical socialist platform at home and a commitment to violent revolutionary activity abroad.. 
  20. ^
  21. ^ [19][20]
  22. ^ Multiple sources:
    • Cavoški, Jovan. Non-Aligned Movement Summits: A History. UK: Bloomsburry. 2022: 101. ISBN 978-1-3500-3209-5. Syria, headed by the radical leftist Baath Party overtly challenged Nasser's leadership credentials by highlighting his diminished revolutionary spirit. 
    • I. Dawisha, Adeed. 3: External and Internal Setting. Syria and the Lebanese Crisis. London, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd. 1980: 45. ISBN 978-1-349-05373-5. The change has been particularly marked under Asad. He has created a fairly popular Presidential regime: radical left, the most advanced socialist regime in the Arab world, it is progressively widening the frame to include more peasants and labourers. 
    • The Israel Economist 26–27. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970: 61. The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism. 
    • Abadi, Jacob. Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy. London, UK: Frank Class Publishers. 2004: 22. ISBN 0-7146-5576-7. radical left-wing Ba'ath party in Syria. 
    • S. Abu Jaber, Kamel. The Arab Ba'th Socialist Party: History, Ideology and Organization. Syracuse, New York, USA: Syracuse University Press. 1966: xii–xiii, 33–47, 75–97. LCCN 66-25181. The leadership now in control of Syria does not represent the gamut of the Ba'th party. It is composed mainly of extreme leftists vesting almost exclusive authority in the military wing of the party. 
    • Hopwood, Derek. Syria 1945-1986: Politics and Society. Routledge. 2013: 45–46, 73–75, 90. ISBN 9781317818427. doi:10.4324/9781315818955. The period 1963 to 1970 when Asad finally succeeded was marked ideologically by uncertainty and even turbulence. It was a period of transition from the old nationalist politicians to the radical socialist Baathis.. struggle between ‘moderates’ and radicals was centred on the dispute whether to impose a radical left wing government and a social revolution on Syria or to follow a more moderate Arab unionist course which would possibly appease opponents of the Baath. The radicals largely held the upper hand and worked to strengthen the control of the party over the state. 
    • Phillips, Christopher. The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East. London, UK: Yale University Press. 2020: 11 [2023-09-27]. ISBN 978-0-300-21717-9. （原始内容存档于2023-04-21）. In 1963.. the socialist Ba’ath Party, seized power. The radical left wing of the party then launched an internal coup in 1966, initiating accelerated land reform 
    • Mikhaĭlovich Vasilʹev, Alekseĭ. Russian Policy in the Middle East: From Messianism to Pragmatism. University of Michigan, USA: Ithaca Press. 1993: 63, 76 [2023-09-27]. ISBN 978-0863721687. （原始内容存档于2023-01-22）. Syrian Baathist version of Arab nationalism and socialism offered plenty of points of contact with Soviet policy.. when the left-wing Baathist faction led by Nureddin Atasi came to power, accelerated Syria’s rapprochement with the Soviet Union.. for the USSR Syria remained an uneasy ally whose actions were beyond control, often unpredictable and the cause of complications. The ultra-leftist slogans originating from Damascus (such as a "people’s war") were not received enthusiastically in Moscow. Mustafa Tlas, the new Syrian chief of staff, was a theoretician of guerrilla warfare and had even translated works by Che Guevara who was not particularly popular among the Soviet leaders." 
    • Climent, James. World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era 2nd. New York: Routledge. 2015: 383 [2023-09-27]. ISBN 978-0-7656-8284-0. （原始内容存档于2023-01-06）. influence of different views, came from the more radical left-wing nationalist groups. These groups included.. Syria's Ba'ath party which seized power in Damascus in 1963 
  23. ^ Tejel, Jordi (2009). Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-89211-4.
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 赵娜、马帅.叙利亚复兴党的演变及其对叙利亚内战的影响.阿拉伯世界研究.2018.第6期：P31-43，116-117
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 25.2 王新刚、张文涛.叙利亚政党制度与政治稳定研究.外国问题研究.2018.第2期：P51-66，119
  26. ^ Alan George, Syria: Neither Bread nor Freedom, London: Zed Books, 2003, p. 66.
  27. ^ Elie Podeh, The Decline of Arab Unity: The Rise and Fall of the United Arabic Republic, New York: Sussex Academic Press, 1999, p. 219.
  28. ^ Avraham Ben-Tzur, “The Neo-Ba‘th Party,” Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 3, No. 3, July 1968, p. 163.
  29. ^ 王新刚.阿拉伯复兴社会党及其理论与实践.西北大学学报 (哲学社会科学版) .2002年.第4期
  30. ^ Interview With Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. wsj.com. [2011-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2011-01-31）. 
  31. ^ Syria Strongman: Time for 'Reform'. wsj.com. [2011-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2011-01-31）. 

参考文献

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