哲学无政府主义

哲学无政府主义（英语：Philosophical anarchism）是一种专注于对权威，尤其是政治权力及政府合法性进行智力批判的无政府主义思想流派。美国无政府主义者和社会主义者本杰明·塔克创造了“哲学无政府主义”这一术语，以将和平的进化无政府主义与革命性的变体区分开来。虽然哲学无政府主义并不一定意味着任何行动或消除权威的愿望，但哲学无政府主义者并不认为他们有义务服从任何权威，反之亦然，他们也不认为国家或任何个人有权发号施令。哲学无政府主义是个人无政府主义的一个分支^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]。

学者迈克尔·弗里登将个人主义无政府主义分为四大类。他认为第一类是与威廉·戈德温相关的类型，提倡通过“包括善待他人在内的进步理性主义”实现自我治理。第二类是利己主义，最常与马克斯·施蒂纳联系在一起。第三类可见于赫伯特·斯宾塞早期的预言以及他的一些门徒（如沃兹沃斯·多尼斯索普）的思想中，他们认为在社会进化的过程中，国家将变得冗余。第四类保持了一种适度的利己主义，并通过提倡市场来解释社会合作，这类思想的追随者包括美国个人无政府主义者本杰明·塔克以及绿色无政府主义者亨利·戴维·梭罗^[6]^[7]^[8]。

参考文献

^ Wayne Gabardi, review 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2017-06-11. of Anarchism by David Miller, published in American Political Science Review Vol. 80, No. 1. (Mar. 1986), pp. 300–302.
^ Rex Martin. Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism. The Philosophical Quarterly. April 1974, 24 (95): 140–149 [2021-01-04]. JSTOR 2217718. doi:10.2307/2217718. （原始内容存档于2023-08-05）.
^ Simmons, A. John. Philosophical Anarchism. Search eLibrary. 16 February 2009 [4 January 2021]. SSRN 1344425 . doi:10.2139/ssrn.1344425. （原始内容存档于13 June 2021）.
^ Antliff, Allan. 2001. Anarchist Modernism: Art, Politics, and the First American Avant-Garde. University of Chicago Press. p. 4.
^ Outhwaite, William & Tourain, Alain (Eds.). (2003). "Anarchism." The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought (2nd Edition, p. 12). Blackwell Publishing.
^ Freeden, Michael. Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829414-X. pp. 313–314.
^ Tucker, Benjamin R., Instead of a Book, by a Man too Busy to Write One: A Fragmentary Exposition of Philosophical Anarchism (1897, New York).
^ Broderick, John C. "Thoreau's Proposals for Legislation." American Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 3 (Autumn, 1955). p. 285.

[1] Wayne Gabardi, review 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2017-06-11. of Anarchism by David Miller, published in American Political Science Review Vol. 80, No. 1. (Mar. 1986), pp. 300–302.

[2] Rex Martin. Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism. The Philosophical Quarterly. April 1974, 24 (95): 140–149 [2021-01-04]. JSTOR 2217718. doi:10.2307/2217718. （原始内容存档于2023-08-05）.

[Simmons_2009-3] Simmons, A. John. Philosophical Anarchism. Search eLibrary. 16 February 2009 [4 January 2021]. SSRN 1344425 . doi:10.2139/ssrn.1344425. （原始内容存档于13 June 2021）.

[4] Antliff, Allan. 2001. Anarchist Modernism: Art, Politics, and the First American Avant-Garde. University of Chicago Press. p. 4.

[5] Outhwaite, William & Tourain, Alain (Eds.). (2003). "Anarchism." The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought (2nd Edition, p. 12). Blackwell Publishing.

[6] Freeden, Michael. Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829414-X. pp. 313–314.

[7] Tucker, Benjamin R., Instead of a Book, by a Man too Busy to Write One: A Fragmentary Exposition of Philosophical Anarchism (1897, New York).

[8] Broderick, John C. "Thoreau's Proposals for Legislation." American Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 3 (Autumn, 1955). p. 285.

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