亚洲LGBT权益

亚洲的LGBT权益 | |
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同性性行为 | 57个国家/地区中38个合法 |
性别认同和表达 | 57个国家/地区中21个合法 |
同性伴侣关系 | 57个国家/地区中2个合法 |
限制法规 | 57个国家/地区中1个禁止 |
收养 | 57个国家/地区中3个合法 |
兵役议题 | 57个国家/地区中11个合法 |
反歧视保障 | 57个国家/地区中9个合法 |
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LGBT公民权利 | ||||||
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概况 亚洲 · 非洲 · 欧洲 · 美洲 · 大洋洲 · 欧盟 · 中东自由意志主义 · 共产主义 |
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亚洲LGBT权益是指亚洲的女同性恋者、男同性恋者、双性恋者与跨性别者(LGBT)的权利描述,由于国家和地区数量过多,较难和其他大洲进行比较。亚洲西部至东部,对性少数者的态度在地理上拥有一种从保守到开放的连续性,西亚地区最为保守,东亚地区较为开放。
地域差异
[编辑]与非洲相较,亚洲的年轻世代或是城市居民对于LGBT的权益看法普遍较为友善;就整体上而言,东亚、南亚和东南亚的性少数者拥有比西亚和中亚的性少数者更多的权益。
另外与历史上欧洲迫害LGBT的记录相比较,亚洲除了西亚外这方面的记录并不多,中国和日本早期甚至还有所谓的男风文化,朝鲜半岛和越南也是少数至今从未立法将LGBT列为非法的国家及地区之二,亚洲的东亚、南亚和东南亚是直到伊斯兰与欧洲殖民者的文化或军事入侵,才开始陆续出现歧视LGBT的现象。
法律制度
[编辑]
同性伴侣合法
(蓝色条纹:给予不具约束力的证明书)
目前同性性行为在至少19个亚洲国家是非法的,主要集中在穆斯林国家。东亚是亚洲目前唯一境内所有国家和地区同性性行均为合法的区域,除了朝鲜以外均拥有公开活动的维权组织,而朝鲜由于历史文化社会原因,对性少数者的限制是东亚最多,没有任何有记录的维权组织发挥社会影响力。
至少有9个亚洲国家或地区允许同性恋者服兵役。其中 中华民国 (台湾)、以色列、塞浦路斯、尼泊尔和泰国为性少数者军人提供更广泛的权益,包括同性伴侣的认可等,其他国家和地区几乎没有对性少数者服役的权益保障,也没有对在工作和教育上对性少数者的岐视,以及允许跨性别者身份性别合法转换的相关立法。
在阿富汗、文莱、伊朗、沙特阿拉伯和也门的伊斯兰政权统治下,同性恋行为会被处以死刑。[1][2]对于鸡奸行为各国法律有不同的惩罚:有的规定死刑;而有的(如马来西亚、孟加拉、巴基斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦和土库曼斯坦)处罚相对温和如有期徒刑。在一些穆斯林占多数但相对世俗的国家,如印度尼西亚[3]、约旦、土耳其、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦则不依上述手法处理。
有部分亚洲国家开始考虑相应的立法或是用公投的方式来保障LGBT族群的权益,包括塞浦路斯、以色列、泰国、越南、尼泊尔、柬埔寨、日本、韩国、印度以及中华人民共和国。
2017年5月24日,中华民国司法院大法官宣告《民法》未保障同性婚姻的平等自由已违反宪法,须在两年完成保障同性婚姻的相关法律,至2019年5月17日中华民国通过《司法院释字第七四八号解释施行法》后,经时任总统蔡英文公布于2019年5月24日生效,让中华民国成为亚洲第一个同性婚姻合法的国家,也终结了亚洲没有同婚合法国家的记录。
2023年6月27日,尼泊尔最高法院命令政府承认同性婚姻,并自同年11月29日起施行宣布同性婚姻合法化,为亚洲第二个同性婚姻合法化的主权国家,但目前尼泊尔的相关立法还在进行中。
2024年3月27日,泰国下议院通过同性婚姻合法化法案,泰国参议院在同年6月18日的会议上正式通过,并在2025年1月23日成为法律。为亚洲第三个同性婚姻合法化的主权国家。同时也是首个同性婚姻合法化的东南亚国家。
亚洲各国家或地区
东亚
[编辑]国家 / 地区 | 同性性行为 | 同性伴侣关系 | 同性婚姻 | 同性收养 | 在军队公开出柜? | 反歧视法 (性倾向) | 性别认同 / 表达相关法律 |
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- ^ 《高等学校学生学籍学历电子注册办法》规定:“学历注册并提供网上查询后,学校不得变更证书内容及注册信息,不再受理学生信息变更事宜。注册信息确有错误的,须经省级教育行政部门审核确认后方可修改。”而性别变更不算注册信息的“错误”。
东南亚
[编辑]国家 / 地区 | 同性性行为 | 同性伴侣关系 | 同性婚姻 | 同性领养 | 在军队公开出柜? | 反歧视法 (性倾向) | 性别认同 / 表达相关法律 |
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中亚
[编辑]国家 / 地区 | 同性性行为 | 同性伴侣关系 | 同性婚姻 | 同性领养 | 在军队公开出柜? | 反歧视法 (性倾向) | 性别认同 / 表达相关法律 |
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北亚
[编辑]国家 / 地区 | 同性性行为 | 同性伴侣关系 | 同性婚姻 | 同性领养 | 在军队公开出柜? | 反歧视法 (性倾向) | 性别认同 / 表达相关法律 |
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西亚
[编辑]国家 / 地区 | 同性性行为 | 同性伴侣关系 | 同性婚姻 | 同性领养 | 在军队公开出柜? | 反歧视法 (性倾向) | 性别认同 / 表达相关法律 |
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约旦河西岸: | ![]() |
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![]() 根据迪拜酋长国法律违法(刑罚:最高十四年徒刑)根据阿布扎比酋长国法律违法(刑罚:最高十年徒刑)[4] |
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![]() 穿着有关具有异性标准表达和认同的服饰不合法 |
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南亚
[编辑]国家 / 地区 | 同性性行为 | 同性伴侣关系 | 同性婚姻 | 同性领养 | 在军队公开出柜? | 反歧视法 (性倾向) | 性别认同 / 表达相关法律 |
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![]() + 联合国宣言[4] |
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相关条目
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Asia from a Lesbian and Gay Human Rights Perspective (2013) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
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- ^ 王丹妮. 我为同性伴侣办意定监护公证:他们怕手术时无人签字 公证被当做结婚证明. 搜狐. [2021-05-20].
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- ^ Taiwan
- ^ 司法院释字第748号解释施行法施行后户籍登记因应作为
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Based on testimonies collected, it appears that certain detention facilities practice secret executions of their detainees. There are detention centers called ‘kukeumso’ managed by the Ministry of State Security where most of the detainees are transferred to political prison camps or secretly executed, and it is very rare for them to be transferred to kyohwaso [prison camp]. A defector who directly heard it from the head of the kukeumso testified that in 2014, a male detainee was secretly executed for homosexuality, and in 2013, a female detainee was secretly executed for prostitution.
(72 in PDF) - ^ 汶莱下周推酷刑法通奸同性恋石刑处死. 南洋视界. 2019-03-28 [2019-03-28].
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- ^ 钱玉纮. 汶萊殘酷刑法下周上路 同性戀將「被亂石打死」、偷竊斷手腳. ETtoday新闻云. 2019-03-28 [2019-03-28].
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- ^ Article 52 of the Penal Code, p. 3
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- ^ Myers, JoAnne. Historical Dictionary of the Lesbian and Gay Liberation Movements. Scarecrow Press. 2013-09-19. ISBN 978-0-8108-7468-8 (英语).
- ^ http://www.interaksyon.com/article/113336/akbayan-rep-to-file-same-sex-marriage-bill-in-congress
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- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
huffpo
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Armenia: Gays live with threats of violence, abuse. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2010-03-30 [2012-06-08].
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Consensual same-sex sexual activity is illegal under Section 377 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, but the law was not enforced.
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