跳至內容

使用者:Haoyangxu/綠色新政

維基百科，自由的百科全書
關於2008年英國報告，請見「A Green New Deal」。
環境經濟學系列之一
環境經濟學
碳訂價
氣候變遷
概念
能源移轉
政策

綠色新政是一系列美國立法提案，目標是應對氣候變化和貧富差距問題。[1][2][3][4]這套法案的名字來源於美國總統羅斯福為應對大蕭條而實行的一套社會、經濟和公共工程舉措，新政。[5]綠色新政結合了羅斯福式的經濟手段和可持續能源及資源效率（英語：resource efficiency）等當代概念。[6][7]

該套法案以兩個決議的形式向第116屆美國國會提出：眾議院第109號決議和參議院第59號決議，分別由亞歷山德里婭·奧卡西奧-科爾特斯（紐約州民主黨議員）和艾德·馬基（馬塞諸塞州民主黨議員）主導。[8]2019年3月25日，馬基的提案以0票贊成，57票反對的結果未能在參議院獲得通過。大部分民主黨議員都投了棄權票，以抗議先前共和黨人發起的一次投票。[9]公眾當中的民主黨人始終對綠色新政有很高的支持率，而共和黨人，特別是福克斯新聞台的觀眾，反對綠色新政。[10]

從21世紀初，特別是2018年以後，美國和其它國家都先後提出過「綠色新政」的提案。[11][12][13]

歷史

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生產可再生能源的可持續農業

20世紀70年代和90年代，勞工和環境運動的活動家們提出一項經濟政策，旨在讓美國經濟脫離對不可再生能源的依賴。[14]

早期使用「綠色新政」一詞的人物之一是記者托馬斯·弗里德曼。[15]他在《紐約時報》和《紐約時報雜誌》中對這一想法表達了讚許。[16][17]2007年1月，弗里德曼寫道：

如果你在後院安裝風力發電機，或者房頂上安裝太陽能板，你幹得不錯。但是改善全世界的環境需要我們改變電力網絡的本質——從髒煤和石油轉向清潔煤和可再生能源。這會是一項巨大的產業工程——比任何人告訴你的都要更大。最後，就像羅斯福新政那樣，如果我們投入這項綠色新政，它有潛力創造一個全新的清潔能源產業，把我們的經濟帶進21世紀。[17]

這一想法後來在英國得到了綠色新政團體（Green New Deal Group）的採納，[18]該團體在2008年7月21日發表了同名的報告。[19]當聯合國環境署（UNEP）開始推廣這一概念時，它獲得了更大的普及和更多的支持。

2008年初，作者Jeff Biggers從他關於阿巴拉契亞煤礦產區的作品視角出發，對綠色新政提出了一系列挑戰。Biggers 寫道：「歐巴馬應當通過提出改善這一區域的新『綠色』政策，在意見分裂的民主黨人間架起橋梁，並且號召終結導致了礦區貧困和破壞的露天開採做法，來打破這些人為的種族邊界。[20] 後來的四年中，Biggers繼續報道了其它的綠色新政提案。[21]

On October 22, 2008, UNEP's Executive Director Achim Steiner unveiled a Global Green New Deal initiative that aims to create jobs in "green" industries, thus boosting the world economy and curbing climate change at the same time.[22] The Green Party of the United States and Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein proposed a "Green New Deal" beginning in 2012.[23][24][25] The Green New Deal remains officially part of the platform of the Green Party of the United States.[26]

In the United States

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Early efforts

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In 2006, a Green New Deal was created by the Green New Deal Task Force as a plan for one hundred percent clean, renewable energy by 2030 utilizing a carbon tax, a jobs guarantee, free college, single-payer healthcare, and a focus on using public programs.[4][27][28]

Since 2006 the Green New Deal has been included in the platforms of multiple Green Party candidates, such as Howie Hawkins' gubernatorial campaigns in 2010, 2014, and 2018, and Jill Stein's 2012 and 2016 presidential campaigns.[27]

Later adoption

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A "Green New Deal" wing began to emerge in the Democratic Party after the November 2018 elections.[29][30]

A possible program in 2018 for a "Green New Deal" assembled by the think tank Data for Progress was described as "pairing labor programs with measures to combat the climate crisis."[31][32]

A November 2018 article in Vogue stated, "There isn’t just one Green New Deal yet. For now, it’s a platform position that some candidates are taking to indicate that they want the American government to devote the country to preparing for climate change as fully as Franklin Delano Roosevelt once did to reinvigorating the economy after the Great Depression."[33]

A week after the 2018 midterm elections, climate justice group Sunrise Movement organized a protest in Nancy Pelosi's office calling on Pelosi to support a Green New Deal. On the same day, freshman congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez launched a resolution to create a committee on the Green New Deal.[34] Following this, several candidates came out supporting a "Green New Deal", including Deb Haaland, Rashida Tlaib, Ilhan Omar, and Antonio Delgado.[35] They were joined in the following weeks by Reps. John Lewis, Earl Blumenauer, Carolyn Maloney, and José Serrano.[36]

By the end of November, eighteen Democratic members of Congress were co-sponsoring a proposed House Select Committee on a Green New Deal, and incoming representatives Ayanna Pressley and Joe Neguse had announced their support.[37][38] Draft text would task this committee with a 「'detailed national, industrial, economic mobilization plan' capable of making the U.S. economy 'carbon neutral' while promoting 'economic and environmental justice and equality,'" to be released in early 2020, with draft legislation for implementation within 90 days.[39][40]

Organizations supporting a Green New Deal initiative included 350.org, Greenpeace, Sierra Club, Extinction Rebellion and Friends of the Earth.[41][42]

A Sunrise Movement protest on behalf of a Green New Deal at the Capitol Hill offices of Nancy Pelosi and Steny Hoyer on December 10, 2018 featured Lennox Yearwood and speakers as young as age 7, resulting in 143 arrests.[43] Euronews, the pan-European news organization, displayed video of youth with signs saying "Green New Deal," "No excuses", and "Do your job" in its "No Comment" section.[44]

On December 14, 2018, a group of over 300 local elected officials from 40 states issued a letter endorsing a Green New Deal approach.[45][46]

That same day, a poll released by Yale Program on Climate Change Communication indicated that although 82% of registered voters had not heard of the "Green New Deal," it had strong bi-partisan support among voters. A non-partisan description of the general concepts behind a Green New Deal resulted in 40% of respondents saying they 「strongly support」, and 41% saying they 「somewhat support」 the idea.[47]

On January 10, 2019 over 600 organizations submitted a letter to Congress declaring support for policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This includes ending fossil fuel extraction and subsidies, transitioning to 100% clean renewable energy by 2035, expanding public transportation, and strict emission reductions rather than reliance on carbon emission trading.[48]

Green New Deal Resolution

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Ed Markey speaks on a Green New Deal in front of the Capitol Building in February 2019
維基文庫中的相關原始文獻：Green New Deal

Senator Edward Markey and Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez released a fourteen-page resolution[8] for their Green New Deal on February 7, 2019. The approach pushes for transitioning the United States to use 100% renewable, zero-emission energy sources, including investment into electric cars and high-speed rail systems, and implementing the "social cost of carbon" that has been part of Obama administration's plans for addressing climate change within 10 years. Besides increasing state-sponsored jobs, this Green New Deal is also aimed to address poverty by aiming much of the improvements in the "frontline and vulnerable communities" which include the poor and disadvantaged people. To gain additional support, the resolution includes calls for universal health care, increased minimum wages, and preventing monopolies.[49]

According to The Washington Post (February 11, 2019), the resolution calls for a 「10-year national mobilization」 whose primary goals would be:[50]

"Guaranteeing a job with a family-sustaining wage, adequate family and medical leave, paid vacations, and retirement security to all people of the United States."
"Providing all people of the United States with – (i) high-quality health care; (ii) affordable, safe, and adequate housing; (iii) economic security; and (iv) access to clean water, clean air, healthy and affordable food, and nature."
"Providing resources, training, and high-quality education, including higher education, to all people of the United States."
"Meeting 100 percent of the power demand in the United States through clean, renewable, and zero-emission energy sources."
"Repairing and upgrading the infrastructure in the United States, including . . . by eliminating pollution and greenhouse gas emissions as much as technologically feasible."
"Building or upgrading to energy-efficient, distributed, and 『smart』 power grids, and working to ensure affordable access to electricity."
"Upgrading all existing buildings in the United States and building new buildings to achieve maximal energy efficiency, water efficiency, safety, affordability, comfort, and durability, including through electrification."
"Overhauling transportation systems in the United States to eliminate pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector as much as is technologically feasible, including through investment in – (i) zero-emission vehicle infrastructure and manufacturing; (ii) clean, affordable, and accessible public transportation; and (iii) high-speed rail."
"Spurring massive growth in clean manufacturing in the United States and removing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from manufacturing and industry as much as is technologically feasible."
"Working collaboratively with farmers and ranchers in the United States to eliminate pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector as much as is technologically feasible."[51]

On March 26, in what Democrats called a "stunt," Republicans called for an early vote on the resolution without allowing discussion or expert testimony. In protest, 42 Democrats and one Independent who caucuses with Democrats voted "present"[52] resulting in a 57–0 defeat on the Senate floor. Three Democrats and one Independent who caucuses with Democrats voted against the bill, while the other votes were along party lines. President Donald Trump has spoken out against the Green New Deal and has referred to climate change as a 「hoax.」[53]

House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis

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主條目：United States House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis

Various perspectives emerged in late 2018 as to whether to form a committee dedicated to climate, what powers such a committee might be granted, and whether the committee would be specifically tasked with developing a Green New Deal.

Incoming House committee chairs Frank Pallone and Peter DeFazio indicated a preference for handling these matters in the House Energy and Commerce Committee and the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee.[41][54] (Writing in Gentleman's Quarterly, Jay Willis responded that despite the best efforts of Pallone and De Fazio over many years, "the planet's prognosis has failed to improve," providing "pretty compelling evidence that it is time for legislators to consider taking a different approach.")[40]

In contrast, Representative Ro Khanna thought that creating a Select Committee specifically dedicated to a Green New Deal would be a "very commonsense idea", based on the recent example of the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming (2007–2011), which had proven effective in developing a 2009 bill for cap-and-trade legislation.[41][54]

Proposals for the House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis did not contain 「Green New Deal" language and lacked the powers desired by Green New Deal proponents, such as the ability to subpoena documents or depose witnesses.[55][56][57]

Representative Kathy Castor of Florida was appointed to chair the committee.[57][58]

January 2019 letter to Congress from environmental groups

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On January 10, 2019, a letter signed by 626 organizations in support of a Green New Deal was sent to all members of Congress. It called for measures such as "an expansion of the Clean Air Act; a ban on crude oil exports; an end to fossil fuel subsidies and fossil fuel leasing; and a phase-out of all gasoline-powered vehicles by 2040."[59][60]

The letter also indicated that signatories would "vigorously oppose" ... 「market-based mechanisms and technology options such as carbon and emissions trading and offsets, carbon capture and storage, nuclear power, waste-to-energy and biomass energy.」[59]

Six major environmental groups did not sign on to the letter: the Sierra Club, the Natural Resources Defense Council, the Environmental Defense Fund, Mom's Clean Air Force, Environment America, and the Audubon Society.[61]

An article in The Atlantic quoted Greg Carlock, who prepared "a different Green New Deal plan for the left-wing think tank Data for Progress" as responding, 「There is no scenario produced by the IPCC or the UN where we hit mid-century decarbonization without some kind of carbon capture.」[59]

The MIT Technology Review responded to the letter with an article titled, "Let’s Keep the Green New Deal Grounded in Science." The MIT article states that, although the letter refers to the "rapid and aggressive action" needed to prevent the 1.5 ˚C of warming specified in the UN climate panel's latest report, simply acknowledging the report's recommendation is not sufficient. If the letter's signatories start from a position where the options of carbon pricing, carbon capture for fossil plants, hydropower, and nuclear power, are not even on the table for consideration, there may be no feasible technical means to reach the necessary 1.5 ˚C climate goal.[62]

A report in Axios suggested that the letter's omission of a carbon tax, which has been supported by moderate Republicans, did not mean that signatories would oppose carbon pricing.[63][60]

The Director of the Center for Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy at George Mason University was quoted as saying, "As long as organizations hold onto a rigid set of ideas about what the solution is, it’s going to be hard to make progress ... And that’s what worries me."[62]

Criticism

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Many who support some goals of the Green New Deal express doubt about feasibility of one or more parts of it. John P. Holdren, former science advisor to Obama, thinks the 2030 goal is too optimistic, saying that 2045 or 2050 would be more realistic.[64]

Many members of the Green party have also attacked the plan due to its cutting of multiple parts of their plan, such as the elimination of nuclear power and jobs guarantee, and the changing of the goal from a one hundred percent clean, renewable energy economy by 2030 to the elimination of the U.S. carbon footprint by 2030.[27][28]

Paul Bledsoe of the Progressive Policy Institute, the think tank affiliated with the conservative Democratic Leadership Council, expressed concern that setting unrealistic "aspirational" goals of 100% renewable energy could undermine "the credibility of the effort" against climate change.[41]

Economist Edward Barbier, who developed the "Global Green New Deal" proposal for the United Nations Environment Programme in 2009, opposes "a massive federal jobs program," saying "The government would end up doing more and more of what the private sector and industry should be doing." Barbier prefers carbon pricing, such as a carbon tax or cap-and-trade system, in order to "address distortions in the economy that are holding back private sector innovation and investments in clean energy."[65]

When Senator Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) was confronted by youth associated with the Sunrise Movement on why she does not support the Green New Deal, she told them "there’s no way to pay for it" and that it could not pass a Republican-controlled Senate. In a tweet following the confrontation, Feinstein said that she remains committed "to enact real, meaningful climate change legislation."[66]

In February 2019, the centre-right American Action Forum, estimated that the plan could cost between $51–$93 trillion over the next decade.[67] They estimate its potential cost at $600,000 per household.[68] The organization estimated the cost for eliminating carbon emissions from the transportation system at $1.3–2.7 trillion; guaranteeing a job to every American $6.8–44.6 trillion; universal health care estimated close to $36 trillion.[69] According to Bloomberg Businessweek, Wall Street is willing to invest significant resources toward GND programs, but not unless Congress commits to moving it forward.[70]

The AFL-CIO, in a letter to Ocasio-Cortez, expressed strong reservations about the GND, saying, "We welcome the call for labor rights and dialogue with labor, but the Green New Deal resolution is far too short on specific solutions that speak to the jobs of our members and the critical sections of our economy."[71]

In an op-ed for Slate, Alex Baca criticizes the Green New Deal for failing to address the environmental, economic, and social consequences of urban sprawl.[72] Adam Millsap criticizes the GND's overreliance on public transit to make cities more environmentally friendly, since public transit integrates better in monocentric cities than in polycentric ones. He suggests land use reforms to increase density, congestion pricing, and eliminating parking requirements as measures that can be applied more flexibly to cities with monocentric and polycentric layouts.[73]

Left-wing criticism

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Although the Green New Deal is often presented as a left-wing proposal, criticism of it has come from left-wing commentators who have argued that the Green New Deal fails to tackle the real cause of the climate emergency, namely the concept of unending growth and consumption inherent in capitalism, and is instead an attempt to greenwash capitalism.[74] Left wing critics of the Green New Deal argue that it is not the monetisation of Green policies and practices within capitalism that are necessary, but an anti-capitalist adoption of policies for de-growth.[75]

Criticism of a draft document

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Both Republican politicians and those generally critical of progressivism in the United States have criticized a "Frequently Asked Questions" document once posted to Rep. Ocasio-Cortez's website (later removed but still viewable on the Wayback Machine.)[76] Many criticisms centred on a line promising economic security to those "unwilling to work". (Green New Deal advisor Robert C. Hockett stated that this line was present only in "doctored" versions of the FAQ, but later said he had been mistaken.[77]) According to Ocasio-Cortez, the document was a draft and "a staffer that had a really bad day at work" published it.[78]

Supporters

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In September 2019, Naomi Klein published On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal.[79] On Fire is a collection of essays focusing on climate change and the urgent actions needed to preserve the planet. Klein relates her meeting with Greta Thunberg in the opening essay in which she discusses the entrance of young people into those speaking out for climate awareness and change. She supports the Green New Deal throughout the book and in the final essay she discusses the 2020 U.S. election saying "The stakes of the election are almost unbearably high. It’s why I wrote the book and decided to put it out now and why I’ll be doing whatever I can to help push people toward supporting a candidate with the most ambitious Green New Deal platform—so that they win the primaries and then the general."[80] [81][82]

Vice Presidents

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  • Al Gore, 45th Vice President of the United States, Former United States Senator from Tennessee, Former U.S Representative from Tennessee's 6th congressional district and 4th congressional district environmentalist, filmmaker[3]
  • Joe Biden, 47th Vice President of the United States, Former United States Senator from Delaware and seeking the nomination in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries.[83]

Individuals

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Senators

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Representatives

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  • Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, U.S. Representative from New York's 14th congressional district[106]
  • Alcee Hastings, U.S Representative from Florida's 20th Congressional District.[107]
  • Rashida Tlaib, U.S. Representative from Michigan's 13th congressional district.[108]
  • Jose Serrano, U.S Representative from New York's 15th congressional district.[107]
  • Carolyn Maloney, U.S Representative from New York's 12th congressional district.[107]
  • Juan Vargas, U.S Representative from California's 51st congressional district.[107]
  • Adriano Espaillat, U.S Representative from New York's 13th congressional district.[109]
  • Stephen F. Lynch, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts's 8th congressional district.[107]
  • Nydia Velázquez, Chair of the House Small Business Committee and U.S Representative from New York's 7th congressional district.[107]
  • Earl Blumenauer, U.S. Representative from Oregon's 3rd congressional district.[110]
  • Brendan Boyle, U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district.[111]
  • Joaquin Castro,U.S. Representative from Texas 20th congressional district.[107]
  • Yvette Clarke,U.S Representative from New York's 9th congressional district.[112]
  • Pramila Jayapal,U.S Representative from Washingtion's 7th congressional district.[113]
  • Ro Khanna, U.S Representative from California's 17th congressional district.[114]
  • Ted Lieu, U.S Representative from California's 33rd congressional district.[107]
  • Ayanna Pressley, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts's 7th congressional district.[115]
  • Peter Welch, U.S. Representative from Vermont At Large.[116]
  • Eliot Engel, Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee and U.S. Representative from New York's 16th congressional discrict.[117]
  • Joe Neguse, U.S. Representative from Colorado's 2nd congressional district.[118]
  • Jerry Nadler, Chair of the House Judiciary Committee and U.S. Representative from New York's 10th congressional district.[119]
  • James McGovern, Chair of the House Rules Committee and U.S. Representative from Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district.[119]
  • Mark Pocan, Co-Chair of the Congressional Progressive Caucus and U.S. Representative from Wisconsin's 2nd congressional district.[113]
  • Mark Takano,Chair of the House Veterans' Affairs Committee and U.S. Representative from California's 41st congressional district.[107]
  • Eleanor Holmes Norton, Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives from the District of Columbia's at-large district.[107]
  • Jamie Raskin, U.S. Representative from Maryland 8th congressional district.[107]
  • Gerry Connolly, U.S. Representative from Virginia's 10th congressional district.[107]
  • Alan Lowenthal, U.S. Representative from California's 47th congressional district.[120]
  • Doris Matsui, U.S. Representative from California's 6th congressional district.[121]
  • Mike Thompson, U.S. Representative from California's 5th congressional district.[122]
  • Mike Levin, U.S. Representative from California's 49th congressional district.[123]
  • Chellie Pingree, U.S. Representative from Maine's 1st congressional district.[107]
  • Mike Quigley,U.S. Representative from Illinois's 5th congressional district.[124]
  • Jared Huffman,U.S. Representative from California's 2nd congressional district.[125]
  • Bonnie Watson Coleman,U.S. Representative from New Jersey's 12th congressional district.[107]
  • Jesús "Chuy" García, U.S. Representative from Illinois's 4th congressional district.[126]
  • Brian Higgins, U.S. Representative from New York's 26th congressional district.[107]
  • Deb Haaland,U.S. Representative from New Mexico's 1st congressional district.[127]
  • Grace Meng,U.S. Representative from New Yorks's 6th congressional district.[107]
  • Salud Carbajal, U.S. Representative from California's 24th congressional district.[107]
  • David Cicilline, U.S. Representative from Rhode Island's 1st congressional district.[128]
  • Steve Cohen,U.S. Representative from Tennessee's 9th congressional district.[107]
  • Katherine Clark, Vice Chair of the House Democratic Caucus and U.S. Representative from Massachusetts's 5th congressional district.[107]
  • Judy Chu,U.S. Representative from California's 27th congressional district.[107]
  • Debbie Mucarsel-Powell, U.S. Representative from Florida's 26th congressional district.[107]
  • Seth Moulton,U.S. Representative from Massachusetts's 6th congressional district and former 2020 Presidential candidate.[129]
  • Raúl Grijalva, Chair of the House Natural Resources Committee and U.S. Representative from Arizona's 3rd congressional district.[130]
  • Gregory Meeks,U.S. Representative from New York's 5th congressional district.[107]
  • Gregorio Sablan, Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives from the Northern Mariana Islands' at-large district.[131]
  • Barbara Lee,U.S. Representative from California's 13th congressional district.[107]
  • Suzanne Bonamici,U.S. Representative from Oregon's 1st congressional district.[107]
  • Sean Patrick Maloney,U.S. Representative from New York's 18th congressional district.[132]
  • Janice Schakowsky, U.S. Representative from Illinois 9th congressional district.[107]
  • Rosa DeLauro, U.S. Representative from Connecticut's 3rd congressional district.[107]
  • Andy Levin, U.S. Representative from Michigan's 9th congressional district.[133]
  • Betty McCollum, U.S. Representative from Minnesota's 4th congressional district.[134]
  • Mark DeSaulnier,U.S. Representative from California's 11th congressional district.[107]
  • Joe Courtney,U.S. Representative from Connecticut's 2nd congressional district.[107]
  • John Larson,U.S. Representative from Connecticut's 1st congressional district.[107]
  • Veronica Escobar,U.S. Representative from Texas 16th congressional district.[107]
  • Adam Schiff,Chair of the House Intelligence Committee and U.S. Representative from California's 28th congressional district.[107]
  • Bill Keating (politician),U.S. Representative from Massachusetts's 9th congressional district.[107]
  • Peter DeFazio,Chair of the House Transportation Committee and U.S. Representative from Oregon's 4th congressional district.[135]
  • Anna Eshoo, U.S. Representative from California's 18th congressional district.[107]
  • Lori Trahan,U.S. Representative from Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district.[136]
  • Jimmy Gomez,U.S. Representative from California's 34th congressional district.[137]
  • Joe Kennedy III, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts's 4th congressional district and 2020 US Senate candidate.[138]
  • Maxine Waters,Chair of the House Financial Services Committee and U.S. Representative from California's 43rd congressional district.[107]
  • Lacy Clay, U.S. Representative from Missouri's 1st congressional district.[139]
  • Nita Lowey, Chair of the House Appropriations Committee and U.S. Representative from New York's 17th congressional district.[140]
  • Thomas Suozzi,U.S. Representative from New York's 3rd congressional district.[141]
  • Linda Sanchez, Former Vice Chair of the House Democratic Caucus and U.S. Representative from California's 38th congressional district.[107]
  • David Price,U.S. Representative from North Carolina's 4th congressional district.[107]
  • John Sarbanes,U.S. Representative from Maryland's 3rd congressional district.[142]
  • Karen Bass,U.S. Representative from California's 37th congressional district.[107]
  • Eric Swalwell,U.S. Representative from California's 15th congressional district and former 2020 Presidential candidate.[107]
  • Jackie Speier, U.S. Representative from California's 14th congressional district.[107]
  • Bobby Scott (politician),Chair of the House Education and Labor Committee and U.S. Representative from Virginia's 3rd congressional district.[107]
  • Grace Napolitano,U.S. Representative from California's 32nd congressional district.[107]
  • Adam Smith,Chair of the House Armed Services Committee and U.S. Representative from Washington's 9th congressional district.[143]
  • Zoe Lofgren,Chair of the House Administration Committee and U.S. Representative from California's 19th congressional district.[107]
  • Jimmy Panetta,U.S. Representative from California's 20th congressional district.[107]
  • Nanette Barragan, U.S. Representative from California's 44th congressional district.[107]
  • Elijah Cummings, Chair of the House Oversight Committee and U.S. Representative from Maryland's 7th congressional district.[107]
  • Danny K. Davis,U.S. Representative from Illinois's 7th congressional district.[107]
  • Jahana Hayes,U.S. Representative from Connecticut's 5th congressional district.[144]
  • Brad Sherman , U.S. Representative from California's 30th congressional district.[107]
  • Alma Adams, U.S. Representative from North Carolina's 12th congressional district.[107]
  • Lloyd Doggett, U.S. Representative from Texas 35th congressional district.[107]
  • John Garamendi, U.S. Representative from California's 3rd congressional district.[107]
  • Dutch Ruppersberger, U.S. Representative from Maryland's 2nd congressional district.[145]
  • Bill Pascrell, U.S. Representative from New Jersey's 9th congressional district.[146]
  • Pete Aguilar, U.S. Representative from California's 31st congressional district.[107]
  • Ben Ray Lujan, Assistant Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Representative from New Mexico's 1st congressional district and 2020 candidate for US Senate.[147]
  • Susan Davis,U.S. Representative from California's 53rd congressional district.[148]
  • Marcia Fudge,U.S. Representative from Ohio's 11th congressional district.[149]
  • Beto O'Rourke, Former U.S Representative From Texas 16th congressional district, 2018 US Senate Nominee in Texas, and seeking the nomination in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries.[150]

Governors

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Mayors

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Organizations

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Detractors

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Individuals

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  • On February 9, 2019, United States President Donald Trump voiced his opposition using sarcasm via Twitter as follows: "I think it is very important for the Democrats to press forward with their Green New Deal. It would be great for the so-called 「Carbon Footprint」 to permanently eliminate all Planes, Cars, Cows, Oil, Gas & the Military – even if no other country would do the same. Brilliant!"[169]
  • Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein objected to the plan saying "there's no way to pay for it" and is drafting her own narrowed down version. Democratic Senator Joe Manchin criticized the plan as a "dream" adding that 'it would hurt regions dependent on reliable, affordable energy."[170]
  • Republican White House aide Sebastian Gorka has referred to the deal as "what Stalin dreamed about but never achieved" and that "they [proponents of the deal] want to take your pickup truck. They want to rebuild your home. They want to take away your hamburgers." The comments about hamburgers are a common criticism of the deal by conservatives, who have gone on to criticize Representative Ocasio-Cortez for allowing her Chief of Staff to eat a hamburger with her at a Washington restaurant.[171]
  • On February 13, 2019, Rep. Mark Walker (R-NC) released a parody video on his verified Twitter account comparing the Green New Deal to the failed Fyre Festival, using the hashtag #GNDisFyre.[172][173]
  • On March 14, 2019, Rep. Rob Bishop, a Republican representing Utah's 1st congressional district, said that the legislation was "tantamount to genocide," adding shortly afterward that his comment was "maybe an overstatement, but not by a lot."[174]

International

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Various proposals for a Green New Deal have been made internationally. Such efforts became more prominent following the October 2018 IPPC 1.5 °C report, and the popular support that GND received in the United States since late 2018.[12][13] In addition to activity within conventional national & multilateral politics, there has been support for a Green New Deal within City diplomacy. In October 2019 the C40 committed to support a Global Green New Deal, announcing there will be determined action from all its 94 cities, with 30 cities having already peaked their emissions and progressing rapidly towards net-zero.[175][176]

In Australia

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The Australian Greens have advocated for a "Green Plan", similar to the Green New Deal, since 2009.[177] Deputy Leader Christine Milne discussed the idea on the ABC's panel discussion program Q&A on February 19, 2009,[178] and it was the subject of a major national conference of the Australian Greens in 2009.[179]

After their 2019 federal election defeat, Australian Labor Party shadow environment minister Tony Burke signalled his support for a suite of regulation and stimulus policies similar to a Green New Deal.[180]

In Canada

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In early May 2019, with rising concerns about the need for urgent global environmental action to reduce potentially catastrophic effects of climate change, a non-partisan coalition of nearly 70 groups launched the Pact for a Green New Deal (New Deal vert au Canada in French).[181] With press conferences in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver, the coalition called for fossil fuel emissions reduction in half by 2030.[182][183] On May 16, 2019 the Green Party released a 5-page summary of their plan entitled "Mission: Possible: The Green Climate Action Plan".[184]

Canadian author Naomi Klein will release her seventh book, entitled "On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal", in September 2019.[185]

In Europe

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On continental Europe, the European Spring coalition campaigned under the banner of a "Green New Deal" for the 2019 EU elections.[12][13] In December 2020, the newly elected European Commission under Von der Leyen presented a set of policy proposals under the name European Green Deal. Compared to the United States plan, it has a less ambitious decarbonisation timeline, with an aim of carbon neutrality in 2050. The policy proposal involves every sector in the economy and the option of a border adjustment mechanism, a 'carbon tariff', is on the table to prevent carbon leakage from outside countries.[186]

In the UK

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In the UK, the Green New Deal Group and the New Economics Foundation produced the A Green New Deal report asking for a Green New Deal as a way out of the Global Financial Crisis back in 2008, demanding a reform of the financial and tax sectors and a revolution of the energy sector in the country.

Also, Green MP for Brighton Pavilion, Caroline Lucas, raised the idea during an economic debate in 2008.[187]

In March 2019, an activist group known as Extinction Rebellion called on the Labour party to commit to taking radical steps to decarbonise the UK economy within a decade. A group spokesperson said they are calling the proposed movement "Labour for a Green New Deal" because, "Climate change is fundamentally about class, because it means chaos for the many while the few profit." They are calling for expansion of public ownership and democratic control of industry, a region-specific guarantee of green jobs, and substantial investments in public infrastructure.

The group states that they got their inspiration from the Sunrise Movement and the work that congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez has done in the US. Group members have met with Zack Exley, co-founder of the progressive group Justice Democrats, to learn from the experiences that he and Ocasio-Cortez have had in working for the Green New Deal campaign in the US.[188]

On April 30, former Labour Party leader Ed Miliband joined Caroline Lucas and former South Thanet Conservative MP Laura Sandys in calling for a Green New Deal in the UK.[189] The left-wing campaigning group Momentum also wish to influence the Labour Party's manifesto to include a Green New Deal.[190]

In September 2019, the Labour party committed to a Green New Deal at its 2019 annual conference. This included a target to decarbonise by 2030.[11][191] Polling undertook by YouGov in late October 2019 found that 56% of British adults support the goal of making the UK carbon neutral by 2030 or earlier. [192]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Whyte, Chelsea. Green New Deal proposal includes free higher education and fair pay. NewScientist. February 12, 2019 [March 4, 2019]. 
  2. ^ Meyer, Robinson. The Green New Deal Hits Its First Major Snag. The Atlantic. [January 31, 2019]. There's not a single, official Green New Deal. Much like "Medicare for All," "Green New Deal" refers more to a few shared goals than to a completed legislative package. (The original New Deal basically worked the same way.) Now a number of environmental groups are trying to make those goals more specific. But they're running into a snag: The bogeymen that haunted old progressive climate policies are suddenly back again. And the fights aren't just about nuclear power. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Harder, Amy. Why Al Gore is on board with the Green New Deal. Axios. December 13, 2019 [December 13, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於December 14, 2018）. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Stewart, Andrew. Sorry Democrats, the Green Party Came Up With the Green New Deal!. Counterpunch. Nov 11, 2018 [May 8, 2019]. 
  5. ^ Jeremy Lovell (July 21, 2008) "Climate report calls for green 'New Deal'", Reuters.
  6. ^ A Green New Deal: Discursive Review and Appraisal. Macroeconomics: Aggregative Models eJournal. Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Accessed March 14, 2019.
  7. ^ Hilary French, Michael Renner and Gary Gardner: Toward a Transatlantic Green New Deal 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期March 29, 2014，. The authors state: "Support is growing around the world for an integrated response to the current economic and environmental crises, increasingly referred to as the "Green New Deal". The term is a modern-day variation of the U.S. New Deal, an ambitious effort launched by President Franklin Roosevelt to lift the United States out of the Great Depression. The New Deal of that era entailed a strong government role in economic planning and a series of stimulus packages launched between 1933 and 1938 that created jobs through ambitious governmental programs, including the construction of roads, trails, dams, and schools. Today's Green New Deal proposals are also premised on the importance of decisive governmental action, but incorporate policies to respond to pressing environmental challenges through a new paradigm of sustainable economic progress."
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Ocasio-Cortez, Alexandria. H.Res.109 – 116th Congress (2019–2020): Recognizing the duty of the Federal Government to create a Green New Deal (PDF). February 12, 2019 [May 19, 2019]. 
  9. ^ Rebecca Shabad; Dartunorro Clark. Senate fails to advance Green New Deal as Democrats protest McConnell 'sham vote'. NBC News. March 26, 2019 [April 4, 2019]. 
  10. ^ Gustafson, Abel; Rosenthal, Seth A.; Ballew, Matthew T.; Goldberg, Matthew H.; Bergquist, Parrish; Kotcher, John E.; Maibach, Edward W.; Leiserowitz, Anthony. The development of partisan polarization over the Green New Deal. Nature Climate Change. November 18, 2019, 9 (12): 940–944. ISSN 1758-6798. doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0621-7 （英語）. 
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  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Klein, Naomi. On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal. Allen Lane. 2019: 17, 31, 259–293. 
  14. ^ Cobb, David. Where are the Greens in the Green New Deal?. The Progressive. March 23, 2019 [December 14, 2019]. 
  15. ^ Kaufman, Alexander C. What's the 'Green New Deal'? The surprising origins behind a progressive rallying cry.. Grist. June 30, 2018 [November 13, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於November 13, 2018） （美國英語）. 
  16. ^ Friedman, Thomas L. Thomas L. Friedman: The power of green. The New York Times Magazine. April 15, 2007. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Friedman, Thomas L. Opinion – A Warning From the Garden. The New York Times. January 19, 2007. 
  18. ^ Lynas, Mark. A Green New Deal. New Statesman. July 17, 2008. （原始內容存檔於April 19, 2016）. 
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  20. ^ Biggers, Jeff. Beyond Race: Obama's Green Opportunity. HuffPost. March 19, 2008 [May 8, 2019] （英語）. 
  21. ^ See for example: CNN, Al Jazeera
  22. ^ Eccleston, Paul. UN announces green "New Deal" plan to rescue world economies. The Daily Telegraph. October 22, 2008. （原始內容存檔於September 22, 2012）. 
  23. ^ Friedersdorf, Conor. The 3 Green Party Candidates and Their Disappointing Platforms. The Atlantic. May 21, 2012 [November 14, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於November 15, 2018） （美國英語）. Jill Stein's "Green New Deal" is far and away the most deeply thought-out platform on offer, and it still consists largely of assertions of the utopian ends it'll achieve, rather than realistic means for getting there. 
  24. ^ Green New Deal: Organizer, Physician Jill Stein Poised to Win Green Party's Presidential Nomination. 
  25. ^ Stein, Jill. Give us a mandate for what America needs: a Green New Deal. The Guardian. October 14, 2012. 
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  33. ^ 33.0 33.1 Read, Bridget. Watch Bria Vinaite Explain the Green New Deal. Vogue. November 2, 2018 [November 13, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於November 13, 2018） （英語）. 
  34. ^ Roberts, David. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez is already pressuring Nancy Pelosi on climate change. Vox. November 15, 2018 [December 2, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於November 28, 2018）. 
  35. ^ Corbett, Jessica. Saving Planet With 'Green New Deal' Proves Popular as Climate Hawks Celebrate Midterm Victories. Common Dreams. November 7, 2018 [November 13, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於November 13, 2018） （英語）. 
  36. ^ Burke, Michael. John Lewis joins Ocasio-Cortez on climate change push. TheHill. November 18, 2018 [December 8, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於November 21, 2018） （英語）. 
  37. ^ Germanos, Andrea. As Number of Dems Backing Green New Deal Swells to 18, Campaigners Demand All of Party 'Stand Up to Fossil Fuel Billionaires'. Common Dreams. November 30, 2018 [December 2, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於December 2, 2018） （英語）. 
  38. ^ Gamboa, Suzanne. Ocasio-Cortez, diverse lawmakers prioritize climate change with 'Green New Deal'. NBC News. November 30, 2018 [December 2, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於December 2, 2018） （美國英語）. 
  39. ^ Klein, Naomi. The Game-Changing Promise of a Green New Deal. The Intercept. November 27, 2018 [December 8, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於November 27, 2018） （美國英語）. 
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  42. ^ 42.0 42.1 Golden, Hannah. The Green New Deal Is Challenging This Old Myth About Fighting Climate Change. Elite Daily. [December 8, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於December 8, 2018） （英語）. 
  43. ^ Colón, Christina. Nearly 150 Climate Activists Arrested in Mass Demonstration for Green New Deal. Sojourners. December 10, 2018 [December 16, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於December 17, 2018） （英語）. 
  44. ^ Climate protest at Pelosi's office spurs arrests. Euronews. December 11, 2018 [December 16, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於December 17, 2018） （英語）. 
  45. ^ Keck, Catie. Earther – Hundreds of Local and State Officials Just Endorsed Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's Green New Deal. Gizmodo. [December 16, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於December 16, 2018） （美國英語）. 
  46. ^ At COP24 Climate Talks in Katowice, 300+ Elected Officials from 40 States Call for Phasing Out Fossil Fuels, Green New Deal Approach. Elected Officials to Protect America. December 14, 2018 [December 16, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於December 17, 2018） （美國英語）. 
  47. ^ Gustafson, Abel. The Green New Deal has Strong Bipartisan Support. Yale Program on Climate Change Communication. December 14, 2018 [December 18, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於December 18, 2018） （美國英語）. 
  48. ^ Progressive Green New Deal Letter to Congress (PDF). 
  49. ^ Resolution: Recognizing the duty of the Federal Government to create a Green New Deal (PDF). United States House of Representatives. February 7, 2019 [February 7, 2019]. 
  50. ^ Rizzo, Salvador. Fact Checker: What's actually in the 'Green New Deal' from Democrats?. Washington Post. February 11, 2019 [March 2, 2019]. As a reader service, we’re going to summarize what’s actually in the Green New Deal from Democrats, and how we ended up with all this confusion. 
  51. ^ David Montgomery. AOC's Chief of Change. Washington Post. July 10, 2019 [July 14, 2019]. 'The interesting thing about the Green New Deal,' he said, 'is it wasn’t originally a climate thing at all.' Ricketts greeted this startling notion with an attentive poker face. 'Do you guys think of it as a climate thing?' Chakrabarti continued. 'Because we really think of it as a how-do-you-change-the-entire-economy thing.' 
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  53. ^ Meyer, Robinson. The 3 Democrats Who Voted Against the Green New Deal. The Atlantic. March 26, 2019 [March 28, 2019]. The Senate rejected the Green New Deal on Tuesday, in a decisive 57–0 vote that Democrats decried as a political stunt meant to divide their caucus. All the Republican senators opposed the measure. They were joined by four senators who caucus with the Democrats – Senator Joe Manchin, from the coal-heavy state of West Virginia, along with Senators Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona, Doug Jones of Alabama, and Angus King of Maine. 
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  108. ^ Brackett, Tom. Rashida Tlaib leads hundreds in Detroit in support of Green New Deal. Elephant Adress. [June 1, 2019]. （原始內容存檔於July 1, 2018） （美國英語）. 
  109. ^ Espaillat, Adriano. CONGRESSMAN ADRIANO ESPAILLAT ANNOUNCES SUPPORT OF GREEN NEW DEAL TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL WARMING. House of Representatives. [December 6, 2018]. 
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  111. ^ Giordano, Dom. Rep. Brendan Boyle steps into radical territory by backing New Green Deal. The Philadelphia Inquirer. [February 21, 2019]. 
  112. ^ Freedman, Aaron. Isiah James Wants to Take Brooklyn's Fight for Affordable Housing to Congress. The Intercept. [September 8, 2019]. 
  113. ^ 113.0 113.1 Howell, Tom. Ocasio-Cortez, Jayapal and Pocan call for 'Green New Deal'. Washngtion Times. [December 22, 2018]. 
  114. ^ Noack, Mark. Ro Khanna makes economic case for Green New Deal. Mouatin View Voice. [May 20, 2019]. 
  115. ^ Dems rally for Green New Deal. November 30, 2018 [November 30, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於December 1, 2018）. 
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[編輯]

Projects referred to as "Green New Deal"

[編輯]

Green New Deal proposal in 116th Congress

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取自「https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Haoyangxu/绿色新政&oldid=74777145」