達薩 (梵語)

達薩（梵語： दास dāsa），在印度古文集《梨俱吠陀》和考底利耶的《政事論》中，^[1]意指雅利安人之敵。^[2]這個詞後來有其他含義，如「僕人」或「奴隸」或宗教意義上的「神僕」、「臣服於神的人」、「發願起誓」或「奉獻」，devadasa。

種族詮釋

在《梨俱吠陀》中Dasa、Dasyu和類似的詞語（比如Pani）有時與詞語krsna或asikni（「黑色」）聯合出現，這經常用作對吠陀經典做出種族詮釋的基礎。達薩人被描述成扁鼻、無鼻、黑皮膚，可被認為是印度原居民。

達薩的宗教

他們崇拜龍與陽具（林伽），梨俱吠陀有因陀羅用金剛打敗他們的龍（弗栗多）的記載。他們後來成為婆羅門教的首陀羅。

後期吠陀用法

坦米爾語中，tontai、達薩、僕人或奴隸一般指得都是毗濕奴或黑天的敬虔奉獻者。^[3]

而在高迪亞毗濕奴派（英語：Gaudiya Vaishnava）神學體系的敘述dāsa-bhūto harer eva nānyasvaiva kadācana中，bhuto（生靈）永遠服務（dasa）於至尊主（Hari（英語：Hari））。^[4]因此，svayam bhagavan（英語：svayam bhagavan） Krishna（黑天主神）的毗濕奴派信眾指得就是Hari Dasa稱號中的dasa。^[5]

延伸閱讀

Bhagavan Shri Shanmukha Anantha Natha and Shri Ma Kristina Baird for the correct, nonracial meaning of the terms Dasyus and Asuras in their work "Divine Initiation"（ISBN 0-9582324-0-7）by Shri Kali Publications
Ambedkar, B.R.（1946）Who were the Shudras?
Aurobindo, Sri. 1971. The Secret of the Veda. Pondicherry: Shri Aurobindo Ashram.
Bryant, Edwin（英語：Edwin Bryant (author)）: The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. 2001. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513777-9
J. Bronkhorst and M.M. Deshpande. 1999. Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Elst, Koenraad（英語：Koenraad Elst） Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate. 1999. ISBN 81-86471-77-4
Frawley, David（英語：David Frawley） The Myth of the Aryan Invasion of India, 1995. New Delhi: Voice of India; In Search of the Cradle of Civilization, Chapter 6
Hock, Hans. 1999b, Through a Glass Darkly: Modern "Racial" Interpretations vs. Textual and General Prehistoric Evidence on Arya and Dasa/Dasyu in Vedic Indo-Aryan Society." in Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia.
Iyengar, Srinivas. 1914. "Did the Dravidians of India Obtain Their Culture from Aran Immigrant [sic]." Anthropos 1-15.
Macdonell, A.A. and Keith, A.B. 1912. The Vedic Index of Names and Subjects.
Parpola, Asko: 1988, The Coming of the Aryans to Iran and India and the Cultural and Ethnic Identity of the Dasas; The problem of the Aryans and the Soma.
Rg Veda 1854-57. Rig-Veda Samhita. tr. H.H. Wilson. London: H.Allen and Co.
Schetelich, Maria. 1990, "The problem ot the "Dark Skin"（Krsna Tvac）in the Rgveda." Visva Bharati Annals 3:244-249.
Sethna, K.D.（英語：K. D. Sethna） 1992. The Problem of Aryan Origins. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
Talageri, Shrikant G. 2000. The Rig Veda - A historical analysis.
Trautmann, Thomas R. 1997, Aryans and British India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Witzel, Michael. 1995b, 325, fn, "Rgvedic History" in The Indo-Aryans of South Asia.

^ R.P. Kangle (1960), The Kautiliya Arthasastra - a critical edition, Vol. 2 and 3, University of Bombay Studies, ISBN 978-8120800427
^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為bw的參考文獻提供內容
^ Steven P. Hopkins. 妝點華美珠寶的飾品：獻給主神的愛情詩. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. 2007: 160. ISBN 0-19-532639-3.
^ Bhaktivedanta Swami（英語：Bhaktivedanta Swami）, A. C.（1972）. The 薄伽梵歌如其所是（英語：Bhagavad-gita As It Is）, second edition. New York: Macmillan.
^ Talbot, Cynthia. 印度前殖民時期的實況：中世紀安得拉邦的社會、宗教和風貌. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. 2001: 81. ISBN 0-19-513661-6.

[kangle-1] R.P. Kangle (1960), The Kautiliya Arthasastra - a critical edition, Vol. 2 and 3, University of Bombay Studies, ISBN 978-8120800427

[bw-2] 引用錯誤：沒有為名為bw的參考文獻提供內容

[isbn0-19-532639-3-3] Steven P. Hopkins. 妝點華美珠寶的飾品：獻給主神的愛情詩. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. 2007: 160. ISBN 0-19-532639-3.

[4] Bhaktivedanta Swami（英語：Bhaktivedanta Swami）, A. C.（1972）. The 薄伽梵歌如其所是（英語：Bhagavad-gita As It Is）, second edition. New York: Macmillan.

[Cynt01-5] Talbot, Cynthia. 印度前殖民時期的實況：中世紀安得拉邦的社會、宗教和風貌. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. 2001: 81. ISBN 0-19-513661-6.

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