毛蓋豬籠草
毛蓋豬籠草 | |
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產自京那巴魯山毛蓋豬籠草,示其具上位籠的攀援莖 | |
科學分類 | |
界: | 植物界 Plantae |
演化支: | 維管束植物 Tracheophyta |
演化支: | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
演化支: | 真雙子葉植物 Eudicots |
目: | 石竹目 Caryophyllales |
科: | 豬籠草科 Nepenthaceae |
屬: | 豬籠草屬 Nepenthes |
種: | 毛蓋豬籠草 N. tentaculata
|
二名法 | |
Nepenthes tentaculata |
毛蓋豬籠草(學名:Nepenthes tentaculata)是一種分佈於蘇拉威西和婆羅洲的熱帶食蟲植物。[2]其生長於海拔400米至2550米的地區。[3]
其種加詞「tentaculata」來源於拉丁文「tentacula」,意為「觸鬚」,指其籠蓋上表面的附屬物。
植物學史
[編輯]根據托馬斯·洛布在1853年採集的標本[3],約瑟夫·道爾頓·胡克在他1873年的專著《豬籠草科》中正式描述了毛蓋豬籠草。[4]
在隨後的幾年,毛蓋豬籠草出現於眾多著名植物學家的著作中,如弗雷德里克·威廉·伯比奇(1882年)[5]、奧多阿多·貝卡利(1886年)[6]、恩斯特·溫施曼(Ernst Wunschmann,1891年)[7]、奧托·施塔普夫(1894年)[8]、君特·貝克·馮·曼那哥塔-勒馳奈(1895年)[9]、雅各布·海斯伯特·博爾拉吉(Jacob Gijsbert Boerlage,1900年)[10]、埃爾默·德魯·美林(1921年)[11]和弗雷德里克·恩德特(1925年)[12]。
約翰·繆爾黑德·麥克法蘭1908年的專著中包含關於該物種的修訂描述與插圖。[13]1914年,麥克法蘭在《林奈學會雜誌》(Journal of the Linnean Society)上寫過關於毛蓋豬籠草的文章。[14]
1928年,B·H·丹瑟在他的開創性專著《荷屬東印度群島的豬籠草科植物》中提供了毛蓋豬籠草的植物學描述及拉丁描述[注 1]。[15]
形態特徵
[編輯]毛蓋豬籠草為藤本植物。莖呈圓柱形至三稜柱形,可長達3米,直徑可達5毫米。節間距可達10厘米。[16]
毛蓋豬籠草的葉片無柄,呈披針形至橢圓形,可長達15厘米,寬至3厘米。葉尖為圓至急尖,葉基心形,抱莖,包圍莖部。中脈兩側的縱脈可多達4條。羽狀脈為不規則的網狀。籠蔓可長達15厘米。[16]
毛蓋豬籠草的捕蟲籠都很小,高度很少超過15厘米。[4]但一些較特殊的標本其捕蟲籠可高達30厘米,寬至8厘米。毛蓋豬籠草的下位籠下三分之一為卵形,上部為圓柱形,上位籠通體為圓柱形。下位籠腹面具一對籠翼,上位籠的籠翼常縮小為一對隆起。籠口一般為卵形,前部和基部呈急尖,非常的傾斜。唇為圓柱形,可寬達5毫米。具小型的唇肋和細小的唇齒。[16]唇內緣部分約佔截面表面總長度的57%。[17]籠蓋為卵形。通常情況下,籠蓋上表面有許多絲狀的附屬物,多集中於籠蓋的邊緣。[16]但某些變型完全缺失這個結構。[4]
毛蓋豬籠草的花序為總狀花序。總花梗可長達15厘米,花序軸可長達10厘米。通常雌性花序要短於雄性花序。花梗少苞片,長達約為10毫米。萼片為橢圓形至披針形,可長達3毫米。[16]一項對來自同一標本(Mjöberg 49,採集於婆羅洲海拔1700米處)的花粉大小研究顯示,其210粒花粉的平均直徑為29.8微米(標準誤為0.4,變異係數為7.0%)。[18]
毛蓋豬籠草無毛被,植株所有部分都無毛。[16]
生態關係
[編輯]毛蓋豬籠草廣泛的分佈於婆羅洲和蘇拉威西。特別是在婆羅洲,幾乎每一座海拔超過1000米的山上都存在着毛蓋豬籠草。[16]其通常生長於海拔1200米至2550米的地區。[4]不過,在沙巴的司蘭山(Mount Silam)和沙勞越的山都望山海拔740米以下的地區都可以發現毛蓋豬籠草[4],有時甚至低於400米[3]。
毛蓋豬籠草的原生地通常為苔蘚森林,但也曾在山脊頂部植被中發現毛蓋豬籠草。,毛蓋豬籠草與其他豬籠草不同,其不附生,僅陸生。[19]其通常生長於泥炭蘚中,可通過匍匐的地下莖無性繁殖。[20]
根據2000年的評估,毛蓋豬籠草已被列入《2006年世界自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄》中,保護狀況為無危。[21]1997年,查爾斯·克拉克根據世界自然保護聯盟標準作出的非正式評估中也得出了相同的結論。[16]而在1995年,世界保護監測中心則將毛蓋豬籠草列為「非瀕危的」。[22]
相關物種
[編輯]毛蓋豬籠草被歸入「鈎唇組(Hamata group)」中,其中還包括其他4種產自婆羅洲和蘇拉威西並與之有密切近緣關係的物種:無毛豬籠草(N. glabrata)、鈎唇豬籠草(N. hamata)、姆魯山豬籠草(N. muluensis)、黑豬籠草(N. nigra)[23]和毛律山豬籠草(N. murudensis)。[24]
姆魯山豬籠草最容易與毛蓋豬籠草相混淆。它們的下位籠幾乎完全相同,僅姆魯山豬籠草的籠口更圓。其攀援莖、生長環境和葉片也都非常相似,僅姆魯山豬籠草的葉片較窄。但它們的上位籠卻有着非常大的區別,姆魯山豬籠草上位籠的籠蓋通常為白色,籠口圓,且籠蔓縮小或消失。[16]
毛蓋豬籠草與毛律山豬籠草也很相似,毛律山豬籠草常被描述為類似於巨型的毛蓋豬籠草。[4][16]毛律山豬籠草與之區別在於其籠蓋的上表面無絲狀的附屬物,各方面都更壯碩,並且花序和部分營養組織具有密集的毛被。[16][25][26]然而沙勞越北部的大部分毛蓋豬籠草種群,其捕蟲籠的高度都可以超過20厘米,這在外觀上就非常接近於毛律山豬籠草。[16]毛律山豬籠草的上位籠與毛蓋豬籠草相比,其缺乏籠翼。雖然毛蓋豬籠草的籠翼存在可變性,但毛律山地區的毛蓋豬籠草的上位籠通常都具有籠翼。[20]
種下類群
[編輯]已發現了兩種毛蓋豬籠草的變種:
- Nepenthes tentaculata var. imberbis Becc. (1886)
- Nepenthes tentaculata var. tomentosa Macf. (1908)Macfarl. (1908)[13]
自然雜交種
[編輯]以下是已發現的關於毛蓋豬籠草的自然雜交種:
- N. burbidgeae × N. tentaculata[16]
- N. fusca × N. tentaculata[27]
- N. glabrata × N. tentaculata[3]
- N. hamata × N. tentaculata[3]
- ? N. lowii × N. tentaculata[26]
- N. macrovulgaris × N. tentaculata[16]
- N. maxima × N. tentaculata[28]
- N. muluensis × N. tentaculata[3][=N. × sarawakiensis][16]
- N. nigra × N. tentaculata[23]
- N. pitopangii × N. tentaculata[29]
- N. rajah × N. tentaculata[16]
- N. reinwardtiana × N. tentaculata[3][=?N. murudensis][16]
- N. stenophylla × N. tentaculata[16]
沙勞越豬籠草
[編輯]酚類化合物和無色花青苷在姆魯山豬籠草、毛蓋豬籠草和沙勞越豬籠草中的分佈狀況[30] | |||||||||
種群 | 樣本 | ||||||||
姆魯山豬籠草 | Jumaat 2400 | ||||||||
毛蓋豬籠草 | Jumaat 2392 | ||||||||
沙勞越豬籠草 | |||||||||
沙勞越豬籠草(離體) | |||||||||
1993年,J·H·亞當、C·C·威爾科克和M·D·斯溫(M. D. Swaine)將姆魯山豬籠草與毛蓋豬籠草的自然雜交種描述為沙勞越豬籠草。[31]他們基於籠蔓尾和籠蓋上表面外圍的絲狀附屬物將其與姆魯山豬籠草區分開來。他們還比較了姆魯山豬籠草與其自然雜交種葉片中酚類化合物的分佈。但他們並未具體說明研究植株數量和重複次數的多少。[16]因此也有學者質疑這個自然雜交種的存在。[27]查爾斯·克拉克寫道,他們在描述沙勞越豬籠草時認為「這樣的研究不容易進行重複實驗。」[16]儘管這個自然雜交種可能存在,但沙勞越豬籠草的描述也有可能是基於姆魯山豬籠草的下位籠標本得出的。[16]
2002年,植物生化素篩查和色譜法被用於研究存在於產於沙巴和沙勞越的自然雜交種及其假定親本中的酚類化合物和無色花青苷。[30]其中包含8個項目的色譜分析,分別為酚酸、黃酮醇、黃酮類、無色花青苷、未知類黃酮1和未知類黃酮3。這些物質在沙勞越豬籠草、姆魯山豬籠草和毛蓋豬籠草中的分佈狀況如表。同時,還對沙勞越豬籠草的一個組織培養樣品進行了測試。[30]
在姆魯山豬籠草組織中未發現酚酸、未知類黃酮1和花青素,而在毛蓋豬籠草的組織中未發現槲皮素、木犀草素、未知類黃酮3和花青素。而沙勞越豬籠草樣本的色譜圖呈現出與其假定的親本互補。[30]
在這個分析中沒有涉及楊梅素的測試。這與之前其他研究者的研究一致[32]:607-613[33],而對像楊梅素這樣並不是廣泛存在於豬籠草屬植物中的化合物進行檢測可以提供更多的鑑定依據。[30]
註釋
[編輯]- ^ B·H·丹瑟專著中毛蓋豬籠草的原拉丁文描述:[15]
“ Folia mediocria sessilia, lamina elliptica ad lanceolata, nervis longitudinalibus utrinque 2-8, plerumque 4, basi profunde oblique amplicauli fere, in alas 2 decurrente ; ascidia rosularum ignota ; ascidia inferiora parva, ovato-conica, alis 2 fimbriatis, peristomio operculum versus acuminato, cylindrico, ad l l/2 mm lato, costis c. 1/2 mm distantibus v. indistinctis, dentibus 0 ; operculo ovato, facie exteriore plerumque appendicibus filiformibus, superea basi fascibus 2 filorum ramosorum, facie inferiore plana ; ascidia superiora magnitudine mediocria, subtubulosa, parte inferiore paulum dilatata, alis 2 fimbriatis raro costis 2 prominentibus ; peristomio operculum versus acuminato, cylindrico v. applanato, 1-5 mm lato, costis 1/2-1/3 mm distantibus, saepe indistinctis, dentibus 0 ; operculo ovato raro rotundato-elliptico, facie superiore plerumque appendicibus filiformibus, prope basim 2 fascibus filorum ramosorum, facie inferiore plana ; inflorescentia racemus parvus pedicellis plerumque 2-4, raro ad 15 mm longis, omnibus 1-floris ; indumentum in ascidiis iuvenilibus et in inflorescentiis parcum stellatum adpressum, ceterum 0. ”
參考文獻
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