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巨爵座

天球赤道座標星圖 11h 00m 00s, −16° 00′ 00″
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巨爵座
Crater
星座
Crater
縮寫Crt
所有格Crateris
象徵物the 杯子
赤經11h
赤緯−16°
面積282平方度 (第53)
主要恆星4
拜耳/佛氏
恆星
12
行星的恆星7
亮度3m以上的恆星0
距離在10秒差距(32.62光年)內的恆星0
最亮星翼宿七 (3.57m)
最近的恆星LHS 2358
(34.86 ly, 10.69 pc)
梅西爾天體0
流星雨翼宿六流星雨
鄰接星座獅子座
六分儀座
長蛇座
烏鴉座
室女座
可以看見的緯度範圍: +65°至−90°之間
最適合觀賞的月份:四月

巨爵座南天星座拉丁語原名「Crater」源自希臘語krater」,指用來倒葡萄酒杯子。巨爵座隸屬二世紀天文學家克勞狄烏斯·托勒密排列的48星座,代表的杯子與天神阿波羅有關,放在長蛇座代表的水蛇後背。

巨爵座沒有恆星亮度高於三等星,最亮的翼宿七翼宿一分別是3.56與4.07視星等,都是老化橙巨星,溫度低於太陽但體積更大。巨爵座β是白巨星和白矮星組成的聯星系。七個恆星系內發現系外行星。巨爵座還有巨爵座2矮星系與NGC 3981等少量知名星系,以及著名類星體RX J1131

神話

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1825年星圖卡片《烏拉尼亞之鏡》,貫穿左右最顯眼的是長蛇座,巨爵座是蛇背中間金色且兩邊都有把手的杯子

據公元前至少1100年的巴比倫星表記載,今巨爵座範圍恆星可能同烏鴉座恆星一起組成巴比倫人的烏鴉座。英國科學家約翰·羅傑斯(John H. Rogers)認為,巨爵座附近的長蛇座在古巴倫規範星表《綱要》代表冥界之神寧吉茲濟達𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕)。他推斷長蛇座旁邊的巨爵座與烏鴉座都是死亡的象徵,代表冥界之門。[1]密特拉教的符號和標誌里也有巨爵座與烏鴉座,估計該教源於中東,後傳入古希臘和羅馬[2]

希臘神話所述,阿波羅派手下烏鴉去取水,但烏鴉在路上發現無花果後等待果實成熟再吃掉,因此延誤行程。烏鴉用杯取水後順便帶回水蛇,謊稱是水蛇喝掉水導致延誤。[3]阿波羅看出烏鴉的欺騙,憤怒之下把杯子、蛇和烏鴉都朝天上一扔[4]。三者都變成天上星座,所在位置正好確保烏鴉沒法兒從杯里喝水,以此警告不要得罪神明[3]

菲拉爾克斯對巨爵座起源提出不同說法,據稱特洛伊附近城池伊萊莎(Eleusa)瘟疫肆虐,統治者德米芬(Demiphon)得到諭示每年需獻祭少女一名。德米芬宣佈抽籤決定獻祭人選,但沒有把自家女兒的名字列入。貴族馬修斯修斯拒絕接受,結果女兒被德米芬獻祭。馬修斯修斯事後殺害德米芬的女兒,把血混入葡萄酒裝在杯里讓德米芬飲用。東窗事發後德米芬下令把馬修斯修斯和杯子扔進大海,巨爵座便代表杯子。[3]

1632至1633年馬什哈德出產的瑪努切赫爾地球儀上所印巨爵座,瑞典阿迪爾諾收藏

巨爵座恆星在中國古代天文學南方朱雀[5],與長蛇座部分恆星組成朱雀的翅膀翼宿,代表第27個月宮。翼宿還代表英勇的弓箭手,弓由長蛇座恆星組成。[6]社會群島居民把巨爵座稱為「Moana-'ohu-noa-'ei-ha'a-moe-hara」,意為「洗去罪孽的海洋漩渦」[7]

簡介

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巨爵座覆蓋282.4平方度夜空,佔0.685%,在88個現代星座排第53[8],北挨獅子座室女座、東臨烏鴉座、南面和西側是長蛇座,西北靠六分儀座。1922年,國際天文聯會確定以三字母縮寫「Crt」代指巨爵座。[9]比利時天文學家尤金·德爾波特1930年正式劃分星座邊界,巨爵座呈六條邊組成的多邊形(見文首信息框)。星座在赤道坐標系統赤經位於10h 51m 14s到11h 56m 24s範圍,赤緯在−6.66°至−25.20°之間。[10]星座位於南天球,只能在北緯65度線以南觀察[8][注 1]

顯著特點

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恆星

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巨爵座可用肉眼觀測

德國天體製圖師約翰·拜耳用希臘字母ΑΛ為星座大部分明亮恆星命名。約翰·波德為部分恆星編號,但後世留用的只有巨爵座ψ約翰·佛蘭斯蒂德佛蘭斯蒂德命名法為31顆巨爵座及附近的長蛇座恆星編號組成巨爵長蛇座,大部分恆星屬長蛇座範圍。[11]巨爵座最亮的翼宿七翼宿一翼宿二組成三角形,位於長蛇座亮星翼宿五附近[12]。巨爵座共有33顆恆星亮度不低於6.5視星等[注 2][8]

3.56視星等的翼宿七是巨爵座最亮恆星,離地163±4光年[14],是光譜等級K0III的橙巨星,有1.0至1.4倍太陽質量。該星年代久遠,已經冷卻並膨脹到22.44±0.28倍太陽半徑,但輻射量達171.4±9.0倍太陽光度,外層有效溫度4408±57開爾文[15]。翼宿一又稱「阿爾克斯」(Alkes),意指「杯子」[16][注 3],代表巨爵座杯底[3],是4.07視星等的橙色星體[17],距地球141±2光年[18]。估計該星質量為太陽1.75±0.24倍,已經耗盡核心的氫並膨脹到13.2±0.55太陽直徑[19],光度69倍,有效溫度約4600開爾文[20]

4.5視星等的巨爵座β聯星系,由光譜等級分別是A1III和DA1.4的白巨星與白矮星組成[21],距太陽296±8光年[22]。聯星系中的白矮星遠比主恆星小,即便用哈勃空間望遠鏡也無法分開觀測[23]。翼宿二是雙星,可用小型業餘望遠鏡分辨[24]。其中主星是光譜等級A7V的白主序星,估計有1.81倍太陽質量[25],從星只有9.6視星等和75%太陽質量[25],很可能是橙矮星,兩星相互圍繞旋轉的軌道周期至少有1150年[26]。雙星距太陽85.6±0.8光年[27]

翼宿十翼宿三代表杯子邊緣[3],其中翼宿十是巨爵座肉眼可見的最大恆星[28],已演化成光譜等級K5 III的K型巨星[29],質量和太陽差不多但已膨脹到44.7倍太陽半徑[30],光度更達391倍[31],與太陽相距366±8光年[32]。翼宿三也是聯星系,距太陽326±9光年[33]。4.95視星等的主星已演化到巨星階段,光譜等級G8 III[34],是利用核心氦聚變產生能量的紅群聚[35],已膨脹到13倍太陽半徑[36],光度157倍[31]。從星亮度7.84視星等[37]。科學家確認翼宿三屬天狼星超星系團[38],或許還屬大熊座移動星群,該星群包含的恆星可能源自同一疏散星團,太空走向類似[39]

變星是業餘天文學家的熱門觀測目標,他們的觀察對人類理解恆星行為貢獻很大[40]。翼宿一附近的紅色星體巨爵座R是SRB類半規則變星[12],光譜等級M7,亮度以160天周期在9.8到11.2視星等範圍變化[41],距太陽770±40光年[42]。巨爵座TT是激變變星,由接近太陽質量的白矮星和光譜等級K5V的橙矮星組成聯星系,兩星距離很近,以6小時26分的軌道周期圍繞彼此旋轉。白矮星從伴星吸收物質,由此形成的吸積盤按周期增亮並爆發。變星沉寂時只有15.9視星等,爆發時增至12.7視星等。[43]巨爵座SZ是8.5視星等的天龍座BY型變星,距太陽42.9±1.0光年[44],還是大熊座移動星群成員[39]

NGC 3887棒旋星系[45]

HD 98800又稱巨爵座TV,是約有七百到一千萬年歷史的恆星系,由分成兩組距離很近的四顆恆星組成。其中一組有塵埃和氣體組成的岩屑盤環繞兩星運轉,岩屑盤距兩星約三到五天文單位,人類曾以為是原行星盤[46]DENIS-P J1058.7−1548是質量不足太陽5.5%的棕矮星,1700至2000開爾文的表面溫度已經低到足以形成雲層。該星的亮度變化可用肉眼識別,紅外光譜顯示星體表面覆有大氣雲層。[47]

HD 96167是1.31±0.09倍太陽質量的恆星,距太陽279±1光年[48]。星體核心的氫很可能已經耗盡並開始膨脹和冷卻,目前是1.86±0.07倍太陽直徑的黃次巨星,光度是太陽3.4±0.2倍。分析星體徑向速度後科學家推斷該星有質量下限為木星68%的行星,公轉周期498.9±1.0天。行星軌道離心率很高,軌道間隔在0.38至2.22天文單位範圍變化。[49]HD 98649是光譜等級G4V的黃主序星,質量和直徑與太陽基本相同但光度只有八成六。2012年科學家用徑向速度法發現該星伴有至少六倍木星質量的行星,而且行星公轉周期很長,達4951+607
−465
天。計算結果表明該行星軌道離心率很高,最遠時離恆星有10.6天文單位,有望未來直接成像。[50]BD−10°3166是富含金屬的橙主序星,光譜等級K3.0V,距太陽268±10光年[51]。該星擁有質量下限木星48%的熱木星類行星,軌道周期僅3.49天[52]WASP-34是光譜等級G5V的類太陽恆星,質量為太陽1.01±0.07倍,直徑0.93±0.12倍,距太陽432±3光年[53]。該星擁有0.59±0.01倍木星質量的行星,軌道周期只有4.317天[54]

深空天體

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NGC 3981

巨爵座2矮星系是銀河系的衛星星系[55],距太陽約38萬光年[56]NGC 3511是靠近星座邊緣的螺旋星系,位於巨爵座β以西兩度,亮度只有11視星等。NGC 3513是與NGC 3511相隔11弧分棒旋星系[57]NGC 3981也是螺旋星系,有兩條很寬但相互干擾的螺旋臂[58],NGC 3981是NGC 4038星系群成員,與NGC 3672、NGC 3887等45個星系組成室女超星系團的巨爵座星雲[59]

RX J1131是距太陽約60億光年的類星體,人類首次直接測量的旋轉黑洞就在類星體中間[60]GRB 011211是人類2001年12月11日發現的伽瑪射線暴,共持續270秒,刷新X射線天文學BeppoSAX衛星所測伽瑪射線暴時長紀錄[61]。2003年3月23日發現的GRB 030323持續26秒[62]

流星雨

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翼宿六流星雨較為黯淡,在1月11至22日出現,16至17日達到頂峰[63]

註釋

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  1. ^ 技術上來說北緯65到83度間也能看到部分巨爵座,但只高於地平線幾度的恆星無論通過何等手段都無法觀測[8]
  2. ^ 6.5視星等是肉眼在城鄉結合位置理想夜空條件下能看到的光線最微弱天體[13]
  3. ^ 源自阿拉伯語الكأس‎」(alka's‎)[16]

參考資料

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