瓦齊爾汗清真寺

瓦齊爾汗清真寺
瓦齊爾汗清真寺
مسجد وزیر خان‬‎
	瓦齊爾汗清真寺被認為是莫臥兒風格清真寺中裝飾最豪華的一座
基本資訊
國家	巴基斯坦
省	旁遮普省
區	拉合爾縣
座標	31°34′59″N 74°19′24″E / 31.58306°N 74.32333°E
宗教	伊斯蘭教
建築詳情
建築類型	清真寺和蘇非陵墓
建築風格	印度-伊斯蘭風格（英語：Indo-Islamic architecture）、莫臥兒風格
奠基	1634年
竣工	1641年12月3日
詳細規格
穹頂	5
外穹頂高度	21英尺（6.4公尺）
內穹頂高度	32英尺（9.8公尺）
外穹頂直徑	19英尺（5.8公尺）
內穹頂直徑	23英尺（7.0公尺）
宣禮塔	4
宣禮塔高度	107英尺（33公尺）
地圖

瓦齊爾汗清真寺（烏爾都語：مسجد وزیر خان‬‎‎）是一座位於巴基斯坦旁遮普省省會拉合爾市的17世紀清真寺。清真寺在莫臥兒皇帝沙賈漢在位期間連同包括拉合爾皇家浴室等建築一併建造。清真寺在1634年開始動工建造，並在1641年完工。^[2]

瓦齊爾汗清真寺被認為是莫臥兒風格清真寺中裝飾最豪華的一座^[1]，也著名於其錯綜複雜的彩釉陶器藝術「kashi-kari」（کاشی کاری‬‎），以及建築內部的精細的莫臥兒時代濕壁畫。在阿迦汗文化信託（英語：Aga Khan Trust for Culture）和旁遮普省政府（英語：Government of Punjab, Pakistan）的領導^[3]，以及德國、挪威和美國政府的協助之下^[4]，清真寺在2009年起進行了大規模翻新。

地理位置

清真寺位於拉合爾城牆（英語：Walled City of Lahore）南部一條稱為「Shahi Guzargah」的道路的附近，而該道路是以前莫臥兒貴族前往拉合爾堡皇宮的必經之路^[5]。清真寺位於德里門（即清真寺的陵園（英語：Dargah）的所在地以西約260米）^[5]。清真寺附近是瓦齊爾汗集市廣場（英語：Wazir Khan Chowk）和奇塔門。

建造背景

清真寺是莫臥兒皇室庭園總設計師瓦齊爾汗（英語：Wazir Khan (Lahore)）之作^[6]^[7]^[8]。瓦齊爾汗受任為旁遮普省（英語：Punjab Province (British India)）總督後，被委託在拉合爾當地興建若干紀念建築^[6]。瓦齊爾汗在奇塔門附近一帶擁有不少物業，並在1634年受委託興建瓦齊爾汗清真寺，以包圍備受崇敬的蘇非聖人塞義德·穆罕默德·以撒·格茲魯尼（烏爾都語：اسحاقگازرونی سہروردی لاہوری）（اسحاق گازرونی سہروردی لاہوری‬‎，又稱米倫·伯德舍赫）的陵墓^[9]；該陵墓現時位於清真寺內的庭院裏^[6]。清真寺原址在清真寺動工興建以前是一個老舊的聖陵^[10]。

清真寺內部由鞣合了莫臥兒和旁遮普本地傳統裝飾風格的濕壁畫點綴，而外部則由波斯風格的精細釉陶藝術「kashi-kari」（کاشی کاری‬‎）大幅裝飾^[11]。瓦齊爾汗清真寺取代了先前的別姬夏希清真寺（英語：Begum Shahi Mosque）成為拉合爾在主麻日的主清真寺^[12]。

瓦齊爾汗清真寺是的一個較大規模的建築群（包括一個傳統上由書法店和書店進駐的商店區）的一部分，而集市廣場則位於清真寺正門的前方。^[13]

瓦齊爾汗清真寺市集是南亞首個為特定目的而建造的四軸市集：其中兩軸對準了清真寺的入口，而另外兩軸則組成了「書法家市集」。^[14]

除了由一系列商店所組成的「書法家市集」以外，清真寺方面也出租了寺內的一些地方給在寺內北方和東北方立面一帶經營生意的商人；清真寺方面也同時營運鄰近的夏希土耳其浴場^[13]^[15]。由那些來源得到的收入被當成維持清真寺運作的瓦合甫（獻金）^[16]。

歷史

瓦齊爾汗清真寺在莫臥兒皇帝沙賈漢的統治下於1634年或1635年開始動工，並在約七年內完工。1880年代後期，魯德亞德·吉卜林之父約翰·洛克伍德·吉卜林（英語：John Lockwood Kipling）曾在《印度藝術期刊》（Journal of Indian Art）撰寫過一篇有關清真寺以及其裝飾的文章^[17]^[18]。英國學者弗雷德里克·亨利·安德魯斯（英語：Fred Henry Andrews）在1903年曾經提及過瓦齊爾汗清真寺曾經陷入失修狀態^[19]。

參考資料

腳註

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. UNESCO. 2003. ISBN 9789231038761.
^ Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore: Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment (PDF). Aga Khan Development Network. 2012 [2016-08-25]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-08-27）. The Wazir Khan Mosque was built in 1634-35 AD (1044-45 AH), by Hakim 'Ali ud din* a governor of the Punjab in the early part of the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.
^ Walled city of Lahore conservation. [2016-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-26）. The Walled city of Lahore is famous for several historic monuments including the Lahore Fort – a World Heritage site, the Badshahi and Wazir Khan mosques. Close to 2,000 buildings within the Walled city display a range of architectural features that mark Lahore’s centuries old cultural landscape. A majority of these buildings and the mohallas (local neighbourhoods) in which they are situated form a unique heritage footprint. The work consequently carried out by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) and the Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme (AKHCP) was initiated under a 2007 public-private partnership framework agreement with the Government of Punjab.
^ Muzaffar, Zareen. The Walled City of Lahore: Protecting Heritage and History. The Diplomat. 2016-02-08 [2016-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-29）. The Walled City of Lahore program was put into effect in partnership with the Aga Khan Trust for Culture. AKTC supports the Walled City Authority in all technical matters in terms of restoration and conservation work being carried out. Other donors include the World Bank, Royal Norwegian Government, USAID, and the German Embassy.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 History and Background in Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore: Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment.. Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme. Aga Khan Cultural Services - Pakistan. 2012 [2016-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-27）.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Asher, p.225
^ Goitein, Shelomo Dov. Studies in Islamic History and Institutions. BRILL. 2010: 170. ISBN 9004179313.
^ Masjid Vazir K̲h̲ān. Archnet. [2016-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-27）. The mosque was founded by Hakim Ilmud Din Ansari, a distinguished physician from Chiniot who received the Ministerial title of 'Wazir Khan' under the reign of Shah Jahan, and was later promoted to the position of Viceroy of Punjab.
^ Westcoat, p.160
^ Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore: Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment (PDF). Aga Khan Development Network. 2012 [2016-08-25]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-08-27）. It was built on the remains of an old Sufi complex and the Sufi grave sites associated with it.
^ Wescoat, James. Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects. Dumbarton Oaks. 1996: 160.
^ Gharipour, p.87
^ ^13.0 ^13.1 CURRENT PROJECTS. Aga Khan Development Network. [2016-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-26）. The complex included the mosque itself, the chowk (an urban introductory space), a row of hujras (shops) integrated in the entrance system meant specifically for calligraphers and bookbinders, and additional shops on the eastern and northern facades built into the body of the monument.CURRENT PROJECTS
^ Salman, Muhammad. DOCUMENTATION AND CONSERVATION OF WAZIR KHAN MOSQUE, LAHORE, PAKISTAN (PDF). Aga Khan Cultural Service. Aga Khan Cultural Service. [2016-08-25]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-11-23）.
^ History and Background in Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore: Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment.. Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme. Aga Khan Cultural Services - Pakistan. 2012 [2016-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-27）. The spectacular monumental ensemble of the Wazir Khan Mosque in the Walled City of Lahore was built in 1634 during the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. Its endowment then comprised the congregational mosque, an elaborate forecourt, a serai, a hammam, a bazaar, and a special bazaar for calligraphers and bookbinders.
^ Qasmi, A. H. International encyclopaedia of Islam. Gyan Publishing House. : 269. ISBN 9788182053205.
^ Media Archive. umedia.lib.umn.edu. [2019-03-19]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-04）.
^ Journal of Indian Art. Journal of Indian Art (1886 and 1887) (London: W. Griggs and Sons). [2019-03-19]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-05）.
^ Mumtaz, Kamil Khan. Reading Masjid Wazir Khan. Islamic Arts. [2016-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2016-06-22）.

參考書籍

Asher, Catherine Blanshard. Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521267281.
Gharipour, Mohammad. The City in the Muslim World: Depictions by Western Travel Writers. Routledge. ISBN 9781317548225.
Wescoat, James L. Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects. Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 9780884022350.
Haig, Wolseley. The Cambridge History of India. CUP Archive.

外部連結

維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：瓦齊爾汗清真寺

拉合爾舊照和歷史
瓦齊爾汗清真寺，卡米爾汗·蒙塔茲（Kamil Khan Mumtaz）著

[Masson-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. UNESCO. 2003. ISBN 9789231038761.

[2] Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore: Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment (PDF). Aga Khan Development Network. 2012 [2016-08-25]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-08-27）. The Wazir Khan Mosque was built in 1634-35 AD (1044-45 AH), by Hakim 'Ali ud din* a governor of the Punjab in the early part of the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.

[3] Walled city of Lahore conservation. [2016-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-26）. The Walled city of Lahore is famous for several historic monuments including the Lahore Fort – a World Heritage site, the Badshahi and Wazir Khan mosques. Close to 2,000 buildings within the Walled city display a range of architectural features that mark Lahore’s centuries old cultural landscape. A majority of these buildings and the mohallas (local neighbourhoods) in which they are situated form a unique heritage footprint. The work consequently carried out by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) and the Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme (AKHCP) was initiated under a 2007 public-private partnership framework agreement with the Government of Punjab.

[4] Muzaffar, Zareen. The Walled City of Lahore: Protecting Heritage and History. The Diplomat. 2016-02-08 [2016-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-29）. The Walled City of Lahore program was put into effect in partnership with the Aga Khan Trust for Culture. AKTC supports the Walled City Authority in all technical matters in terms of restoration and conservation work being carried out. Other donors include the World Bank, Royal Norwegian Government, USAID, and the German Embassy.

[archnet.org-5] 5.0 ^5.1 History and Background in Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore: Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment.. Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme. Aga Khan Cultural Services - Pakistan. 2012 [2016-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-27）.

[WKM-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Asher, p.225

[7] Goitein, Shelomo Dov. Studies in Islamic History and Institutions. BRILL. 2010: 170. ISBN 9004179313.

[8] Masjid Vazir K̲h̲ān. Archnet. [2016-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-27）. The mosque was founded by Hakim Ilmud Din Ansari, a distinguished physician from Chiniot who received the Ministerial title of 'Wazir Khan' under the reign of Shah Jahan, and was later promoted to the position of Viceroy of Punjab.

[Wazir-9] Westcoat, p.160

[10] Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore: Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment (PDF). Aga Khan Development Network. 2012 [2016-08-25]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-08-27）. It was built on the remains of an old Sufi complex and the Sufi grave sites associated with it.

[Dumbarton_Oaks-11] Wescoat, James. Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects. Dumbarton Oaks. 1996: 160.

[WK-12] Gharipour, p.87

[CURRENT_PROJECTS-13] 13.0 ^13.1 CURRENT PROJECTS. Aga Khan Development Network. [2016-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-26）. The complex included the mosque itself, the chowk (an urban introductory space), a row of hujras (shops) integrated in the entrance system meant specifically for calligraphers and bookbinders, and additional shops on the eastern and northern facades built into the body of the monument.CURRENT PROJECTS

[auto-14] Salman, Muhammad. DOCUMENTATION AND CONSERVATION OF WAZIR KHAN MOSQUE, LAHORE, PAKISTAN (PDF). Aga Khan Cultural Service. Aga Khan Cultural Service. [2016-08-25]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-11-23）.

[15] History and Background in Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore: Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment.. Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme. Aga Khan Cultural Services - Pakistan. 2012 [2016-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-27）. The spectacular monumental ensemble of the Wazir Khan Mosque in the Walled City of Lahore was built in 1634 during the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. Its endowment then comprised the congregational mosque, an elaborate forecourt, a serai, a hammam, a bazaar, and a special bazaar for calligraphers and bookbinders.

[Qasmi-16] Qasmi, A. H. International encyclopaedia of Islam. Gyan Publishing House. : 269. ISBN 9788182053205.

[17] Media Archive. umedia.lib.umn.edu. [2019-03-19]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-04）.

[18] Journal of Indian Art. Journal of Indian Art (1886 and 1887) (London: W. Griggs and Sons). [2019-03-19]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-05）.

[Reading_Masjid_Wazir_Khan2-19] Mumtaz, Kamil Khan. Reading Masjid Wazir Khan. Islamic Arts. [2016-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2016-06-22）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

閱論編莫臥兒帝國
皇帝	巴布爾胡馬雍阿克巴賈漢吉爾沙賈漢奧朗則布巴哈杜爾·沙一世賈汗達爾·沙法魯克錫亞拉菲·烏德·達拉加特沙賈汗二世穆罕默德·沙艾哈邁德·沙·巴哈杜爾阿拉姆吉爾二世沙·賈汗三世沙·阿拉姆二世阿克巴·沙二世巴哈杜爾·沙二世
大事記	第一次帕尼帕特戰役 Battle of Khanwa（英語：Battle of Khanwa） Battle of Ghaghra（英語：Battle of Ghaghra） Siege of Sambhal（英語：Siege of Sambhal）第二次帕尼帕特戰役 Battle of Thanesar（英語：Battle of Thanesar） Siege of Chittorgarh（英語：Siege of Chittorgarh） Siege of Ranthambore（英語：Siege of Ranthambore） Battle of Tukaroi（英語：Battle of Tukaroi） Battle of Haldighati（英語：Battle of Haldighati） Siege of Kandahar（英語：Siege of Kandahar (1605–1606)）莫臥兒-薩非戰爭（I）奧拉奇哈之圍莫臥兒-薩非戰爭（II） Battle of Samugarh（英語：Battle of Samugarh） Battle of Khajwa（英語：Battle of Khajwa） Ahom–Mughal conflicts（英語：Ahom–Mughal conflicts） Siege of Purandhar（英語：Siege of Purandhar） Siege of Bijapur（英語：Siege of Bijapur） Siege of Golconda（英語：Siege of Golconda） Siege of Jinji（英語：Siege of Jinji） Battle of Karnal（英語：Battle of Karnal）第三次帕尼帕特戰役布克薩爾戰役
建築	泰姬陵法泰赫普爾西克里胡馬雍陵德里紅堡拉合爾堡 Jahangiri Mahal（英語：Jahangiri Mahal）拉爾巴格堡阿克巴大帝陵阿格拉堡 Chawk Mosque（英語：Chawk Mosque）沙利馬爾花園阿恰巴爾花園（英語：Achabal Gardens）賈漢吉爾陵（英語：Tomb of Jahangir） Bibi Ka Maqbara（英語：Bibi Ka Maqbara）巴德夏希清真寺 Shahi Bridge（英語：Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur）沙賈汗清真寺 Sheesh Mahal (Lahore)（英語：Sheesh Mahal (Lahore)）蘇尼里清真寺蒂普蘇丹清真寺瓦齊爾汗清真寺
對手	Ibrahim Lodi（英語：Ibrahim Lodi） Rana Sanga（英語：Rana Sanga）舍爾沙 Hemu（英語：Hemu） Maharana Pratap（英語：Maharana Pratap）馬利克·安巴爾 Gokula（英語：Gokula）希瓦吉 Khushal Khan Khattak（英語：Khushal Khan Khattak）約翰·柴爾德戈賓德·辛格亨利·埃弗里納迪爾沙 Hector Munro（英語：Hector Munro, 8th of Novar）
繼承國	馬拉地杜蘭尼邁索爾錫克帝國孟加拉（英語：Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad）阿瓦德（英語：Nawab of Awadh）海得拉巴卡那提克（英語：Carnatic state）拉其普特賈特人 Bangash Pathans（英語：Bangash） Rohilkhand（英語：Rohilkhand）
參見	部落建築軍事（英語：Army of the Mughal Empire）飲食文化（英語：Indo-Persian culture）庭園（英語：Mughal gardens）語言（英語：Persian language in South Asia）繪畫（英語：Mughal painting）武器（英語：Mughal weapons）波斯人在莫臥兒帝國（英語：Persians in the Mughal Empire）帖木兒王朝