海鹿科
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Aplysiidae
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| Aplysia californica, a typical sea hare, shown here releasing a cloud of purple pigment, probably as a reaction to being disturbed. | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 軟體動物門 Mollusca |
| 綱： | 腹足綱 Gastropoda |
| 目： | 海鹿目 Aplysiida |
| 總科： | 海鹿總科 Aplysioidea |
| 科： | 海鹿科 Aplysiidae Lamarck, 1809 |
| 屬 | |
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海鹿科（學名：Aplysiidae）是海鹿總科（學名：Aplysioidea，又名海兔超科）之下唯一的一個科。與其牠海蛞蝓相比，海鹿的體型相比較大。牠們的頭小[1]，有著又長又圓的身體，還有長長的一對檢嗅器。這些物種都是一些沒有螺殻的「海螺」，一般「海鹿」會用來叫體型相對大很多的物種，而體型較小的會叫作「海兔」，但也有文獻不論大小都稱呼為「海兔」。在這些物種當中，以加州黑海兔（Aplysia vaccaria）的體型最大，也是所有腹足綱物種中體型最大的一種，經常在內容農場的「海怪」文章提及。
型態描述
[編輯]
Members of the Aplysiidae have an atrophied inner shell (in contrast with the nudibranchs, which have no shell at all). In Aplysia and Syphonota, this shell is a soft flattened plate over the visceral rear end, where it is fully or partially enclosed in the mantle skin. In Dolabella auricularia, the shell is ear-shaped. The shell is only present in the larval stage of the two genera Bursatella and Stylocheilus, and on this basis they have been grouped into the subfamily Dolabriferinae.[2]
They are rather large animals. Their length can reach up to 75 cm (Aplysia vaccaria), and they can weigh well over 2 kg. They are cosmopolitan and found in temperate and tropical seas, inhabiting shallow coastal areas and sheltered bays, thick with vegetation.
The Aplysiidae are herbivorous, eating a variety of red, green or brown algae and eelgrass. Their color is diet-derived from the pigments of the algae. They concentrate the toxins found on algae.
Defenses
[編輯]Some species spout ink when disturbed or attacked, and they may also swim (rather than crawl) away, using their broad wing-like flaps or parapodia. The ink is extracted from their algal food, rather than being synthesized.[3]
Sea hares have two main secretory glands in their mantle cavity.
- purple gland: lying on top of the mantle cavity, above the gill. It gives off a red or purple fluid, or, in some species, a white ink.
- opaline gland: situated on the floor of the mantle cavity, beneath the gill. It gives off a white opaque secretion.
The genus Aplysia has proved useful as a model in neurobiology for the study of electrical synapses, which mediate the release of the clouds of ink.[4]
Mating habits
[編輯]Sea hares are hermaphrodites, with fully functional male and female reproductive organs. The penis is on the right side of the head while the vagina is situated in the mantle cavity, beneath the shell, deep down between the parapodia. It is therefore physically impossible for mating partners to act as both male and female at the same time.
They have unusual mating habits: they can mate in pairs with one acting as a male, the other as a female, but they commonly occur in quite crowded numbers during the mating season, and this often leads to chains of three or more sea hares mating together. The one at the front acts as a female and the one at the back as a male. The animal(s) in between are acting as both males and females, in other words, the animal receiving sperm passes its own sperm to a third sea hare.
捕食者
[編輯]分類學
[編輯]2004年的一份研究文獻[5]顯示海鹿科是一個單系群，由兩個支序組成：
- Aplysiinae
- Dolabellinae + Dolabriferinae + Notarchinae.
The authority of this family is still somewhat in dispute. The family was incorrectly originally spelled as Laplysiana. This was a Latinized form of the original common name "les Laplysiens" as described in Philosophie zoologique, 1:320 by Lamarck in 1809.[6] Rafinesque introduced the new name Laplysinia in 1815. In 2001 Bouchet & Rocroi advocated the attribution of the name Aplysiidae to Lamarck.[7]
亞科
[編輯]- 海鹿亞科 Aplysiinae Lamarck, 1809
- 黃花瓣螺亞科 Dolabellinae Pilsbry, 1895
- Dolabriferinae Pilsbry, 1895
- Notarchinae Mazzarelli, 1893
屬
[編輯]- 海兔屬 Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767：模式屬
- Barnardaclesia Eales & Engel, 1935
- Bursatella Blainville, 1817 - the only one species: Bursatella leachii Blainville, 1817
- 黃花瓣螺屬 Dolabella Lamarck, 1801
- Dolabrifera Gray, 1847
- † Floribella Woodring, 1970
- Notarchus Cuvier, 1817
- Paraplysia Pilsbry, 1895
- Petalifera Gray, 1847
- Phyllaplysia Fischer, 1872
- Stylocheilus Gould, 1852
- Syphonota H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 - the only one species: Syphonota geographica (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850)
- Genera brought into synonymy
- Aclesia Rang, 1828: synonym of Bursatella Blainville, 1817
- Aplysiella P. Fischer, 1872: synonym of Petalifera Gray, 1847
- Busiris Risso, 1826: synonym of Notarchus Cuvier, 1816
- Laplysia Linnaeus, 1767: synonym of Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767
- Neaplysia J. G. Cooper, 1863: synonym of Aplysia (Neaplysia) J. G. Cooper, 1863 represented as Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767
- Phycophila A. Adams, 1861: synonym of Aplysia (Phycophila) A. Adams, 1861 represented as Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767
- Pruvotaplysia Engel, 1936: synonym of Aplysia (Pruvotaplysia) Engel, 1936 represented as Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767
- Ramosaclesia Iredale, 1929: synonym of Bursatella Blainville, 1817
- Siphonotus A. Adams & Reeve, 1850: synonym of Syphonota H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854
- Tullia Pruvot-Fol, 1933: synonym of Aplysia (Tullia) Pruvot-Fol, 1933 represented as Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767
- Varria Eales, 1960: synonym of Aplysia (Varria) Eales, 1960 represented as Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767
部分物種
[編輯]參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ 貝科基本解說：台灣Aplysiidae 海鹿科貝類共 8 種. 臺灣貝類資料庫. [2018-03-13]. （原始內容存檔於2018-03-13） （中文（繁體））.
- ^ Paige, John A. Biology, Metamorphosis and Postlarval Development of Bursatella leachii plei Rang (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia). Bulletin of Marine Science. January 1988, 42 (1): 65–75.
- ^ Zsilavecz, G. 2007. Nudibranchs of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay. ISBN 0-620-38054-3
- ^ Kandel E. R., Schwartz J. H. & Jessell T. M. (2000). Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed., New York, McGraw-Hill 180 pp.
- ^ Klussmann‐Kolb, A. Phylogeny of the Aplysiidae (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia) with new aspects of the evolution of seahares. Zoologica Scripta. 2004, 33 (5): 439–462. doi:10.1111/j.0300-3256.2004.00158.x.
- ^ Lamarck, J.B. Philosophize zoologique. Paris: Dentu. 1809: 428.
- ^ Bouchet, P. & J.P. Rocroi. Corrections of Authorship and date for gastropod (Mollusca) family-group names placed on the Official List and Official Index. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 2001, 58 (3): 170–178 [2018-03-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-10）.
- ^ Notes on cephalaspideans. Opisthobranch. 1984, 16 (3): 26.
延伸閱讀
[編輯]- Kandel, E.R. (1979) Behavioural Biology of Aplysia. San Francisco, W.H.Freeman & Co. 463pp.
- Costello, M.J.; Emblow, C.; White, R. (Ed.). (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50. Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle: Paris, France. ISBN 2-85653-538-0. 463 pp.
外部連結
[編輯]
- http://www.seaslugforum.net （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- Vue Z., Kamel B. S., Capo T. R., Bardales A. T. & Medina M. (2014). "Comparative analysis of early ontogeny in Bursatella leachii and Aplysia californica". PeerJ 2: e700 doi:10.7717/peerj.700
