在量子力學及量子場論等領域,外爾方程式(英語:Weyl Equation)為一相對論量子力學的波動方程式,用以描述無質量的自旋½粒子。其以德國數學家赫爾曼·外爾為名。
外爾方程式的廣義形式可寫為:[1][2]
![{\displaystyle \sigma ^{\mu }\partial _{\mu }\psi =0}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a7b8f5b9d792eabd9ccbc20a7d63a102fd4208e2)
在SI單位中可寫為:
![{\displaystyle I_{2}{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial t}}+\sigma _{x}{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial x}}+\sigma _{y}{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial y}}+\sigma _{z}{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial z}}=0}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cf9d3c54a4cd2ceb2a82f8f1966e0b086f8010cd)
其中
![{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mu }=(\sigma _{0},\sigma _{1},\sigma _{2},\sigma _{3})=(I_{2},\sigma _{x},\sigma _{y},\sigma _{z})}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ddd34b33143a9387d15e902d22ad7285070e74c6)
為一向量。μ = 0分量為2 × 2 單位矩陣;μ = 1,2,3分量為包立矩陣。ψ則是波函數,為外爾旋量一例。
其組成有ψL與ψR,分別為左手(Left-handed)外爾旋量及右手(Right-handed)外爾旋量,各自有兩個分量。兩者皆有下列形式:
![{\displaystyle \psi ={\begin{pmatrix}\psi _{1}\\\psi _{2}\\\end{pmatrix}}=\chi e^{-i(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} -\omega t)}=\chi e^{-i(\mathbf {p} \cdot \mathbf {r} -Et)/\hbar }}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b9e6c6ec0af046665ab3c372df5053a060432161)
其中
![{\displaystyle \chi ={\begin{pmatrix}\chi _{1}\\\chi _{2}\\\end{pmatrix}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/810c53f0e81d816f22de4b6ed1dc89d386939964)
為具有二常數分量之旋量。
既然粒子是不具質量的,亦即m = 0,動量p的範數為波向量k的簡單乘積,由德布羅伊關係所描述:
![{\displaystyle |\mathbf {p} |=\hbar |\mathbf {k} |=\hbar \omega /c\,\rightarrow \,|\mathbf {k} |=\omega /c}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/174b1a58cbbad68e1293a4ef9f9ba7e6e1a71abc)
方程式可以左手及右手旋量來表示:
![{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\sigma ^{\mu }\partial _{\mu }\psi _{R}=0\\&{\bar {\sigma }}^{\mu }\partial _{\mu }\psi _{L}=0\end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ed381fb5b2cf6cd4e5c4167075330132ad03291a)
透過拉格朗日密度可得方程式:
![{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}=i\psi _{R}^{\dagger }\sigma ^{\mu }\partial _{\mu }\psi _{R}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/724e1a86fc1e7abdc82793effad6339c1b17fddc)
![{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}=i\psi _{L}^{\dagger }{\bar {\sigma }}^{\mu }\partial _{\mu }\psi _{L}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2bee5a53d504ed904557a112ca1af119abfca18b)
將旋量及旋量的埃爾米特伴隨(以
標記)當作獨立變數處理,則可得外爾方程式。
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