共產黨在塞爾維亞的清洗 (1944年—1945年)
外觀
共產黨在塞爾維亞的清洗是指1944年—1945年,南斯拉夫人民解放軍和游擊隊和戰後的南斯拉夫政府在塞爾維亞開展的清洗,他們針對的是他們眼中的戰爭罪罪犯、叛國者以及意識形態敵人[1]。這些暴行中的一大部分都發生在1944年10月至1945年5月之間。在此期間,至少有55973人因各種原因身亡,包括被處決或者在拘留營中身亡。受害者(大部分都是被施暴方故意草率處決的)來自不同民族,但主要是德意志人、塞爾維亞族以及馬扎爾人[1][2][3][4][5]。曾有人提出,這些殺戮並非預先策劃好的,而是一些人在戰後亂局中進行的無組織復仇行為;也有人說那些被處決的受害者其實是在與游擊隊的交火中陣亡的[6]。
由於調查仍在繼續,所以一直難以確定這段時間裡的遇難者具體人數[7][8]。對遇難者人數的估計說法不一。有資料稱在整個塞爾維亞共有至少80000人被處決[9];另有資料稱遇難者人數逾100000[9]。目前能確定約4000名遭游擊隊殺害的德裔人姓名,但據估計,還有更多的德意志裔人被處決[10]。部分資料將發生在1944年秋季的一系列事件統稱為血腥之秋[10][11][12]。2009年,塞爾維亞政府成立了一個國家委員會,調查出現在1944年9月12日之後的秘密埋葬地點。委員會匯編出了一部收錄有姓名、基本個人生平數據以及受迫害細節的登記冊。登記冊共記錄了55973個名字,其中有27367名南斯拉夫德意志人、14567名塞爾維亞族以及6112名匈牙利人[13]。
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 "Most of these people were murdered without a trial" (talking about at least 20.000) "...There is not even a smallest of doubt that these were war crimes." quoted from: Istina o streljanjima važnija od sudskih progona (PDF, in Serbian)
- ^ Quote: "Armed persons murdered unarmed civilians" p. 32 from Mészáros Z. (2012): Az 1944–45-os esemenyek minositesei (I) – Qualifications of the 1944-45 Events (I). Létünk 2012/1. (PDF, in Hungarian)
- ^ Translated quote: "Besides unintentional, accidental killings, which were minimal in numbers, the number of executed after regular trial is low, most victims were liquidated as a reprisal, without any court proceeding." p. 5 from Mačković, S. (2017): Szabadka és a felszabadulás után (1944-1945) áldozatul esett polgári személyek – Subotica and the civilian victims after the liberation (1944-1945). Subotica History, official page of the Historic Archive.
- ^ Quote: "For just a few days matter, all of them were murdered, mostly from our village. I personally buried them in the grave-hole." from Stijačić, M. (2018): Vreme je! – article published in Slobodni Srbobran 10 December 2018, archived using Google cache here (in 塞爾維亞語) (in 匈牙利語)
- ^ "These works negotiated the start of historical remembrance of the innocent persons' tragic fate, those that suffered cruel reprisal." Quote translated from p. 1. of A. Sajti E. (2018): A vajdasági helytörténetírás és a magyarok elleni megtorlások a Délvidéken – source. (PDF, in Hungarian)
- ^ Politika | Kako su dželati postali žrtve. Kontrapress. [6 June 2014].
- ^ Report on the stage of investigation, year 2011 (in Serbian)
- ^ Agenda of the round-table held in Belgrade, 2015 (in Serbian)
- ^ 9.0 9.1 S. Dedeić – V. Arsić. Press Online :: Vesti dana – politika, skupstina, Srbija, Tadić, vlada, premijer :: Grobnice svuda po Srbiji. Pressonline.rs. [6 June 2014]. (原始內容存檔於3 February 2014).
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Ulrich Merten: Forgotten Voices: The Expulsion of the Germans from Eastern Europe After World War II, Transactions Publisher, New Jersey, USA, 2012
- ^ Kathryn Schaeffer Pabst, Douglas Schaeffer Pabst: Taken: A Lament for a Lost Ethnicity, iUniverse Books, 2006
- ^ Georg Wildmann, Hans Sonnleitner, Karl Weber: Genocide of the ethnic Germans in Yugoslavia, 1944–1948, Danube Swabian Association of the USA, 2001
- ^ State Commission Registry, accessed on 22 June 2014