两眼猪笼草

两眼猪笼草
	两眼猪笼草的上位笼
保护状况
	; 无危（IUCN 2.3）
科学分类
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真双子叶植物 Eudicots
目：	石竹目 Caryophyllales
科：	猪笼草科 Nepenthaceae
属：	猪笼草属 Nepenthes
种：	两眼猪笼草 N. reinwardtiana
二名法
	Nepenthes reinwardtiana; Miq. (1852)
异名
	Nepenthes korthalsiana; auct. non Miq.: Herb.Calc. ex Macfarl. (1908); ?Nepenthes naquiyuddinii; J.H.Adam & Hafiza (2006); Nepenthes reinwardtii; Hook.f. (1859)sphalm.typogr.;

两眼猪笼草^[2]（学名：Nepenthes reinwardtiana）是婆罗洲和苏门答腊特有的热带食虫植物^[3]，少量分布于周围的许多岛屿中，包括邦加岛、大纳土纳岛^[4]、尼亚斯岛及西比路岛。^[5]虽然部分文献显示其分布于西马来西亚^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]和新加坡^[7]^[10]，但这些记录似乎是错误的^[11]^[12]。其种加词“reinwardtiana”来源于卡斯珀·格奥尔格·卡尔·瑞华德，所以其也称为瑞华德猪笼草（Reinwardt's Pitcher-Plant）。^[13]

两眼猪笼草分布于海拔0至2200米处。^[3]高海拔地区与低海拔地区两眼猪笼草的捕虫笼大小和颜色存在差异，低海拔变型的捕虫笼更细长，高海拔地区的捕虫笼更矮胖。^[2]两眼猪笼草的捕虫笼色彩丰富，可为绿色至深红色。两眼猪笼草捕虫笼的内表面可存在两个“眼点”，其随植株生长状态，或存在或消失。^[2]

分类关系

纳奎友丁猪笼草

2006年，朱马特·哈吉·亚当和哈菲查·A·哈米德（Hafiza A. Hamid）描述了纳奎友丁猪笼草（N. naquiyuddinii）^{[注 1]}。^[14]^[15]纳奎友丁猪笼草存在于婆罗洲沙巴由根地咬去往金马尼士的道路及特鲁斯马迪山山脚，海拔1400米至1425米的开阔次生植被中。^[14]

虽然两眼猪笼草和纳奎友丁猪笼草之间存在密切的近缘关系，但朱马特·哈吉·亚当和哈菲查·A·哈米德认为“因为两眼猪笼草和纳奎友丁猪笼草存在许多形态上的差异，所以他们不能归为同一个物种”。^[14]但是另一些学者认为，两眼猪笼草和纳奎友丁猪笼草之间的差异太小了，不足以将它们区分成两个物种，并认为纳奎友丁猪笼草是两眼猪笼草的同物异名。^[16]^[17]此外，这些学者认为纳奎友丁猪笼草可能是暗色猪笼草（N. fusca）和两眼猪笼草的自然杂交种。^[18]

进化分支

2001年，查尔斯·克拉克对来自苏门答腊岛和西马来西亚的猪笼草进行了分支系统学分析，共利用了70个形态特征。以下为猪笼草进化树的“第6分支”。^[19]

unnamed

	小猪笼草

	两眼猪笼草

unnamed

多巴猪笼草

79%

	昂嘎桑猪笼草

	迈克猪笼草

种下类群

Nepenthes reinwardtiana var. samarindaensis J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1993)^[20]

自然杂交种

左：暗色猪笼草与两眼猪笼草的自然杂交种。
右：两眼猪笼草与窄叶猪笼草的自然杂交种。

N. albomarginata × N. reinwardtiana [=N. × ferrugineomarginata]^[21]
N. ampullaria × N. reinwardtiana^[19]
N. clipeata × N. reinwardtiana^[21]
N. fusca × N. reinwardtiana^[3][=?N. naquiyuddinii]^[18]
N. gracilis × N. reinwardtiana^[19]
N. gymnamphora × N. reinwardtiana^[19]
N. hispida × N. reinwardtiana^[21]
N. macrovulgaris × N. reinwardtiana^[21]
N. mirabilis × N. reinwardtiana^[18]
N. reinwardtiana × N. spathulata^[19]
N. reinwardtiana × N. stenophylla^[21]
N. reinwardtiana × N. tentaculata^[3][=?N. murudensis]^[21]
N. reinwardtiana × N. tobaica^[19]^[22]

注释

^ 纳奎友丁猪笼草的种加词来源于马来西亚国民大学的副校监——Yang Amat Mulia Tunku Laxamana Tunku Dato' Seri Utama Naquiyuddin Ibni Tuanku Ja'afar.^[14]

参考文献

^ Hooker, J.D. 1859. XXXV. On the origin and development of the pitchers of Nepenthes, with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 22(4): 415–424. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1856.tb00113.x
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 65. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
^ （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. [Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.] Berita Biologi 11(1): 33–42. Abstract （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.
^ Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
^ Holttum, R.E. 1940. Malayan pitcher-plants. Malayan Nature Journal 1: 35–44.
^ Shivas, R.G. 1984. Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore. Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur.
^ Green, S. 1967. Notes on the distribution of Nepenthes species in Singapore. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 22: 53–65.
^ Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes.PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
^ Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.
^ Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 Adam, J.H. & Hafiza A. Hamid 2006. Pitcher Plants (Nepenthes) Recorded from Keningau-Kimanis Road in Sabah, Malaysia.PDF (2.40 MiB) International Journal of Botany 2(4): 431-436. ISSN 1811-9700 doi:10.3923/ijb.2006.431.436
^ Fong, L.F. 2007. New pitcher species （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Star, May 11, 2007.
^ Rice, B.A. 2006. Do you want to tell me about a species I missed? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Carnivorous Plant FAQ.
^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes naquiyuddinii （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Carnivorous Plant Database.
^ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
^ ^19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 ^19.3 ^19.4 ^19.5 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
^ Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1993. A new variety of Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miquel from Kalimantan, Borneo. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 50(1): 99–104.
^ ^21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 ^21.3 ^21.4 ^21.5 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
^ （印尼文） Dariana 2010. Keanekaragaman Nepenthes dan pohon inang di Taman Wisata Alam Sicikeh-Cikeh Kabupaten Dairi Sumatera Utara （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. M.Sc. thesis, University of North Sumatra, Medan.

Adam, J.H. 1997. Prey spectra of Bornean Nepenthes species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat.PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20(2–3): 121–134.
Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae).PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(1): 1–7.
（印尼文） Akhriadi, P. 2007. Kajian taksonomi hibrid alami Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) di Kerinci. Working paper, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
Bourke, G. 2010. The climbing pitcher plants of the Kelabit highlands.PDF Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(1): 4–7.
Bourke, G. 2011. The Nepenthes of Mulu National Park. Carniflora Australis 8(1): 20–31.
Clarke et al. Nepenthes reinwardtiana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000. [12 May 2006].
Damayanti, F., M. Mansur & I. Roostika 2011. Diversity of Nepenthes spp. in West Kalimantan. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 3(13): 705–708.
（印尼文） Deswita, E. 2010. Perkembangan ginesium beberapa jenis Nepenthes (N. ampullaria Jack., N. gracilis Korth. dan N. reinwardtiana Miq.). Thesis, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo for giant Nepenthes. Part 1: Mesilau Nature Reserve, Ranau. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 107: 6–13.
Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo to see giant Nepenthes. Part 3: Mt. Trusmadi and Mt. Alab. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 109: 6–15.
（印尼文） Handayani, T. 1999. Konservasi Nepenthes di kebun raya Indonesia.PDF [Conservation of Nepenthes in Indonesian botanic gardens.] In: A. Mardiastuti, I. Sudirman, K.G. Wiryawan, L.I. Sudirman, M.P. Tampubolon, R. Megia & Y. Lestari (eds.) Prosiding II: Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat. Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB, Bogor. pp. 365–372.
（印尼文） Hartini, S. 2007. Keragaman flora dari Monumen Alam Kersik Luway, Kalimantan Timur.（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） [Flora diversity from Kersik Luway Nature Monument, East Kalimantan.] Biodiversitas 8(1): 67–72.
Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
Kato, M., M. Hotta, R. Tamin & T. Itino 1993. Inter- and intra-specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in Nepenthes pitchers in Sumatra. Tropical Zoology 6(1): 11–25. Abstract
Lee, C.C. 2000. Recent Nepenthes Discoveries（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
Lee, C.C. 2002. Nepenthes species of the Hose Mountains in Sarawak, Borneo.PDF Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference, Hiroshima University, Tokyo: 25–30.
Macfarlane, J.M. 1914. Family XCVI. Nepenthaceæ.（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） [pp. 279–288] In: J.S. Gamble. Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 24.（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 75(3): 279–391.
（印尼文） Mansur, M. 2001. Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.PDF In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
（印尼文） Mansur, M. 2007. Keanekaragaman jenis Nepenthes (kantong semar) dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah. [Diversity of lowland Nepenthes (kantong semar) in Central Kalimantan.] Berita Biologi 8(5): 335–341. Abstract
McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897
Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676
Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023
（印尼文） Meriko, L. 2010. Perkembangan androesium beberapa jenis Nepenthes (N. ampullaria Jack., N. gracilis Korth. dan N. reinwardtiana Miq.). M.Sc. thesis, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
（日语） Oikawa, T. 1992. Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq.. In: Muyū kusa – Nepenthes（無憂草 – Nepenthes）. [The Grief Vanishing.] Parco Co., Japan. pp. 40–41.
Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172(7): 889–901. doi:10.1086/660882
（印尼文） Rosyida, U. & S. Hut 2010. Keberadaan Nepenthes di cagar alam Padang Luway. Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Kalimantan Timur.
（印尼文） Syamsuardi & R. Tamin 1994. Kajian kekerabatan jenis-jenis Nepenthes di Sumatera Barat. Project report, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
（印尼文） Syamsuardi 1995. Klasifikasi numerik kantong semar (Nepenthes) di Sumatera Barat. [Numerical classification of pitcher plants (Nepenthes) in West Sumatra.] Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam 4(1): 48–57. Abstract
（印尼文） Syamswisna 2009. Analisis vegetasi pada habitat kantong semar (Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq.) di Paninjauan, Kabupaten Solok.M.Sc. thesis, Andalas University, Padang.
（印尼文） Syamswisna 2010. Studi habitat kantong semar (Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq.) di Paninjauan, Kabupaten Solok（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Jurnal Guru Membangun 24(2): [unpaginated; 10 pp.] Abstract（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Thong, J. 2006. Travels around North Borneo – Part 1.PDF Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 81: 12–17.
Thorogood, C. 2010. The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers, New York.
（印尼文） Yogiara 2004. Analisis komunitas bakteri cairan kantung semar (Nepenthes spp.) menggunakan teknik terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) dan amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA).PDF M.Sc. thesis, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.
Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006. A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia 11(1): 9–14.
（印尼文） Yusmad , R. 2008. Stuktur anatomi daun dan sulur serta perkembangan kantung pada kantung semar (Nepenthes reinwardtana Miq). M.Sc. thesis, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract

扩展阅读

食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中两眼猪笼草的照片（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中苏门答腊两眼猪笼草的照片（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：两眼猪笼草维基物种上的相关信息：两眼猪笼草

[AH-15] 纳奎友丁猪笼草的种加词来源于马来西亚国民大学的副校监——Yang Amat Mulia Tunku Laxamana Tunku Dato' Seri Utama Naquiyuddin Ibni Tuanku Ja'afar.^[14]

[Hooker1859-1] Hooker, J.D. 1859. XXXV. On the origin and development of the pitchers of Nepenthes, with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 22(4): 415–424. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1856.tb00113.x

[夏洛特2007-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 65. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.

[McPherson-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.

[4] （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. [Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.] Berita Biologi 11(1): 33–42. Abstract （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[maps-5] Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.

[6] Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.

[Danser-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.

[8] Holttum, R.E. 1940. Malayan pitcher-plants. Malayan Nature Journal 1: 35–44.

[9] Shivas, R.G. 1984. Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore. Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur.

[10] Green, S. 1967. Notes on the distribution of Nepenthes species in Singapore. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 22: 53–65.

[11] Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes.PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.

[12] Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.

[P&L-13] Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

[AH-14] 14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 Adam, J.H. & Hafiza A. Hamid 2006. Pitcher Plants (Nepenthes) Recorded from Keningau-Kimanis Road in Sabah, Malaysia.PDF (2.40 MiB) International Journal of Botany 2(4): 431-436. ISSN 1811-9700 doi:10.3923/ijb.2006.431.436

[16] Fong, L.F. 2007. New pitcher species （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Star, May 11, 2007.

[17] Rice, B.A. 2006. Do you want to tell me about a species I missed? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Carnivorous Plant FAQ.

[18] Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes naquiyuddinii （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Carnivorous Plant Database.

[P&L2008-19] 18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

[Clarke-20] 19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 ^19.3 ^19.4 ^19.5 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

[21] Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1993. A new variety of Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miquel from Kalimantan, Borneo. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 50(1): 99–104.

[Clarke97-22] 21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 ^21.3 ^21.4 ^21.5 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

[Dariana-23] （印尼文） Dariana 2010. Keanekaragaman Nepenthes dan pohon inang di Taman Wisata Alam Sicikeh-Cikeh Kabupaten Dairi Sumatera Utara （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. M.Sc. thesis, University of North Sumatra, Medan.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[注 1]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]