盐岩地表构造

盐岩地表构造（英语：salt surface structure）是指盐层延伸到地表上所出现的构造，由于盐在压力下具有流体的独特能力，当有压力差异时，底辟或席状盐层能穿过上覆地层，达到地球表面形成的构造^[1]^[2]。

类型

盐岩地表构造一般有四种形态：盐岩翼式侵入、喷出式推进、逆冲式推进。露趾式推进。四者之间均有过渡的形态.

盐岩翼式侵入构造

盐岩翼式侵入构造（英语：Salt-wing intrusions）是一种在挤压环境中造成的构造，盐岩被挤压上升到浅层后，沿同一层理面向周边溢出的中间厚，周边薄的盐丘构造^[1]^[3]^[4]。

喷出式推进构造

喷出式推进构造（英语：Extrusive advances）是指当底辟到达地表后，盐岩即如同火山岩浆，因重力作用开始向周边扩展^[1]。这种流动会形成两个结构。首先，由于盐的顶部比底部流动得更快，沿前缘会有一个滚动结构。其次，流动中，盐岩会覆盖同时沉积的沉积物，导致盐岩能向新的地层层位爬升前进^[3]。

逆冲推进构造

逆冲推进构造（英语：Thrust advances）是指在逆冲断层构造运动中，盐层被用作断层面与断层上盘一起滑动的构造^[3] ^[5]。

露趾式推进构造

露趾式推进构造（英语：Open-toed advance）是从喷出式推进构造演化而来，当大部分地表盐岩被溶解时，在地表流动只剩脚趾状的前进边缘。故称露趾式推进构造^[3] ^[6]。

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Hudec, Michael R.; Jackson, Martin P.A. (2007). "Terra infirma: Understanding salt tectonics". Earth-Science Reviews. 82 (1): 1–28. Bibcode:2007ESRv...82....1H. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.01.001
^ Hudec, Michael R.; Jackson, Martin P.A. (2006). "Advance of allochthonous salt sheets in passive margins and orogens". AAPG Bulletin. 90 (10): 1535–1564. doi:10.1306/05080605143
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Fossen, Haakon (2010-07-15). Structural Geology. Cambridge University Press. p. 388. ISBN 978-1-139-48861-7
^ Weijermars, D.M.; Jackson, M.P.A.; Venderville, B. (1993). "Rheological and tectonic modeling of salt provinces". Tectonophysics. 217 (1–2): 143. Bibcode:1993Tectp.217..143W. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90208-2
^ Rouby, D; Raillard, Stéphane; Guillocheau, François; Bouroullec, Renaud; Nalpas, Thierry (2002). "Kinematics of a growth fault/raft system on the West African margin using 3-D restoration". Journal of Structural Geology. 24 (4): 783. Bibcode:2002JSG....24..783R. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00108-0
^ Vendeville, BC; Jackson, MPA (August 1992). "The rise of diapirs during thin-skinned extension" (PDF). Marine and Petroleum Geology. 9 (4): 331–354. doi:10.1016/0264-8172(92)90047-I

[”Hudec”-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Hudec, Michael R.; Jackson, Martin P.A. (2007). "Terra infirma: Understanding salt tectonics". Earth-Science Reviews. 82 (1): 1–28. Bibcode:2007ESRv...82....1H. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.01.001

[”Hudec1”-2] Hudec, Michael R.; Jackson, Martin P.A. (2006). "Advance of allochthonous salt sheets in passive margins and orogens". AAPG Bulletin. 90 (10): 1535–1564. doi:10.1306/05080605143

[”Fossen”-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Fossen, Haakon (2010-07-15). Structural Geology. Cambridge University Press. p. 388. ISBN 978-1-139-48861-7

[”Weijermars”-4] Weijermars, D.M.; Jackson, M.P.A.; Venderville, B. (1993). "Rheological and tectonic modeling of salt provinces". Tectonophysics. 217 (1–2): 143. Bibcode:1993Tectp.217..143W. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90208-2

[”Rouby”-5] Rouby, D; Raillard, Stéphane; Guillocheau, François; Bouroullec, Renaud; Nalpas, Thierry (2002). "Kinematics of a growth fault/raft system on the West African margin using 3-D restoration". Journal of Structural Geology. 24 (4): 783. Bibcode:2002JSG....24..783R. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00108-0

[”Vendeville”-6] Vendeville, BC; Jackson, MPA (August 1992). "The rise of diapirs during thin-skinned extension" (PDF). Marine and Petroleum Geology. 9 (4): 331–354. doi:10.1016/0264-8172(92)90047-I

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