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金伯恩沙嘴

坐标46°33′31″N 31°31′40″E / 46.55861°N 31.52778°E / 46.55861; 31.52778
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金伯恩沙嘴
金伯恩半岛地图,绿色地区即为金伯恩沙嘴
金伯恩半岛地图,绿色地区即为金伯恩沙嘴
坐标:46°33′31″N 31°31′40″E / 46.55861°N 31.52778°E / 46.55861; 31.52778
位置尼古拉耶夫州尼古拉耶夫区奥恰基夫市镇

金伯恩沙嘴乌克兰语Кінбурнська коса罗马化Kinburnska kosa),又译金本沙嘴,是位于乌克兰尼古拉耶夫州尼古拉耶夫区奥恰基夫市镇金伯恩半岛西边的一个沙咀[1]。它的长度约为40公里,宽度为8至10公里。2022年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰后,金本沙嘴被俄罗斯控制,当地属于俄占尼古拉耶夫的一部分。俄罗斯方面指控战争开始以来,金本沙嘴的数千公顷森林被焚毁,乌克兰的炮击造成至少四名平民死亡[2]

历史

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早期

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在1787年10月[a]第七次俄土战争期间,该地爆发金伯恩之战英语Battle of Kinburn (1787),由俄方胜出。其后在1855年的克里米亚战争期间,该地爆发金伯恩半岛战役,由英法联军胜出。

一张1830年代的地图,标记着该沙嘴一座奥斯曼帝国时期的堡垒

直至19世纪中叶,金伯恩沙嘴有一座由奥斯曼帝国兴建的堡垒,并其后被俄国控制。该设施于克里米亚战争过后,因作为巴黎条约的条款之一而被拆除。

苏联时期,该沙嘴人口有大概一千人,经济主要以种植草莓为主,之后经常运往敖德萨菜市场[3]

俄罗斯入侵乌克兰

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在2022年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰期间,俄军本没有占领金伯恩沙嘴,到6月中才在该地驻军[4]。该沙嘴成为了俄军在2022年期间的乌克兰南部攻势之中,最后主要的军事胜利之一[5]

在占领期间,俄军在金伯恩沙嘴使用电子作战炮弹,来打扰在第聂伯河对岸的乌克兰军队[6]。俄军也经常在该沙嘴发放导弹大炮,来攻打对岸由乌方控制的范围,包括奥恰基夫[7]黑海的北岸[8][9]。研究相信俄军在该沙嘴的防御甚强,包括弹药库[10]无人机控制和训练中心[11] 、和地堡[3]

自从2022年9月开始,乌克兰军队英国的建议下,不时会在金伯恩沙嘴的地区进行侦察行动[5][12]。乌军的行动持续到10月[5][10][11]

在11月赫尔松解放之后,俄占尼古拉耶夫州就只剩下金伯恩沙嘴[13],乌克兰重夺第聂伯河河口的使用权,不过通往黑海的航道就仍然被俄方封锁[4][14]。对岸的奥恰基夫城离该沙嘴只有4千米(2.5英里)[8],是最近的主要聚居点。该城因俄军败退而减少了受袭击的危险,同时也容许乌方从该城来发动袭击,因为该沙嘴现在“完全在[乌方的]大炮范围之中”[5]。在11月12日,乌军的南方作战指挥部宣布意图重夺该沙嘴[3][5]

在11月13日当地晚上,乌军尝试在波克罗夫斯凯登陆,以配合前几天在附近地区进行的袭击[15]和小型登陆[16]。有报道声称该行动已成功,其后才由乌克兰军队在社交媒体拒绝这个结论[17][18]。在14日,俄军向奥恰基夫发动导弹袭击,声称来打扰乌军的军火,避免他们成功登陆[15]。在16日,乌克兰的南方作战指挥部报告他们发动了至少50枚炮弹来打扰俄军的行动[6]。这些袭击声称杀了17名俄军士兵和毁坏了18件军事设备[18][19]。在11月18和19日,乌军继续了他们的攻击,成功击中俄军的士兵和设备[20][21]。在21日,乌克兰军队公开肯定了他们正在沙嘴的范围进行军事行动,但要求大众维持军事行动保密英语Operational security[8][20][22]

根据战争研究所在11月27日的报道,该区的卫星云图显示俄军的防御工事有大概3千米(1.9英里)长,把该沙嘴与赫尔松州的大陆分隔[23]。该研究所对此资讯的评论如下:

俄军在金伯恩沙嘴周围的防御,表示他们并不预计会继续控制该沙嘴;反而,他们预计随着乌军在沙嘴登陆,俄军使用它们的防御,来阻挡乌军继续前进往赫尔松州,同时防御乌军在沙嘴周边的范围发动的两栖攻击

The array of Russian fortifications on and around the Kinburn Spit (as shown in the map) suggests that Russian forces do not expect to maintain positions on the spit itself if Ukrainian forces launch a counterattack against the spit; rather, Russian forces very likely expect Ukrainian forces to take the Kinburn Spit but intend to prevent them from advancing to mainland Kherson Oblast and to defend against an amphibious attack on the land immediately surrounding the spit's connection to mainland Kherson Oblast.

——俄罗斯攻势评估,11月27日(Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 27),战争研究所(Institute for the Study of War)

虽然有防御的优势,但乌方在一次电视马拉松里表示,天气造成的问题令军事行动复杂化[24]。同日,俄军驱逐了该沙嘴剩下的37名居民[25],让俄方的军事行动可以继续[26][27][28]弗拉基米尔·萨尔多在22日声称乌方的大炮击中了港口建筑,但其他的攻击都成功被抵制[29]

在2024年8月9日,乌克兰军队再次在金伯恩沙嘴进行了袭击。乌克兰国防部情报总局声称该袭击杀了大约30名俄军士兵和毁坏了6件设备,但俄罗斯国防部就声称该袭击以失败告终[30]

自然环境

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地区公园

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金伯恩沙嘴
金伯恩沙嘴

金伯恩沙嘴有一部分是属于该地区的景观公园,占地约17,890公顷(44,200英亩),其中有5,631公顷(13,910英亩)的面积是水[31]

公园的目的:

  • 保护当地的生物多样性
  • 组织市民的活动
  • 文化与教育活动
  • 地区需要

该公园的管理部门位于奥恰基夫

动植物

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金伯恩沙嘴有数种动植物特有种[32]。其中,当地估计共有600种维管束植物,也在平均每平方米有30-100朵兰花[32]。沙嘴里有大约60种在IUCN红色名录出现的植物品种[33]

沙嘴的动物品种也不少,有大概5千多,包括 sandy mole rat英语sandy mole ratblotched snake英语blotched snake草原蝰[32]。在鼠类意外,当地也有数种海豚苍鹭鹈鹕老鹰[32]。沙嘴也座落在数种鸟的迁徙路线之中,估计每年有大概700万 [32]

战争影响

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俄乌战争不单为居民带来影响,也对自然生态造成破坏,例如Centaurea brevicepsCentaurea Paczoskii 这两种矢车菊[34]。双方的弹药杀死了临近不少的海豚,也为当地的泥土造成土地污染[35]。在2022年5月,战争造成一个4,000公顷(9,900英亩)大的火灾,对当地的多年生植物盐碱滩造成生态环境的破坏[3][35][36]

参见

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外部链接

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注脚

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  1. ^ 新历为10月12日;儒略历为10月1日

参考文献

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  1. ^ Kinburn Spit页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆TripMustGoOn
  2. ^ 俄罗斯卫星通讯社. 消息来源:自然保护区因尼古拉耶夫附近遭到乌克兰炮击着火 有人丧生. 俄罗斯卫星通讯社. 20220911T1407+0800 [2022-09-16]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-22) (中文). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Quaoar. Why is Russia fortifying an environmentally sensitive Ukrainian peninsula of sand and lakes?. dailykos.com. Daily Kos. 2022-10-30 [2025-01-15]. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Hird, Karolina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Clark, Mason. Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 10. understandingwar.org. 战争研究所. 2022-06-10 [2024-01-15]. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Axe, David. A Strategic Strip Of Sand. Rumors Of Ukrainian Raids. As Russian Forces Retreat, Keep An Eye On The Kinburn Spit.需要付费订阅. Forbes. 2022-11-14 [2024-01-15]. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Latest Developments in Ukraine: Nov. 16. voanews.com. 美国之声. 2022-11-16 [2025-01-15]. Ukrainian forces carried out more than 50 strikes around the Kinburn Spit, in Mykolaiv province, which is currently under the control of the Russian army. The spit is said to be a key site for Russian electronic warfare and of strategic importance for coordinating Russian shelling of the right bank of the Dnieper River and southern Ukraine. 
  7. ^ Key Ukraine naval base unbowed despite Russian onslaught. france24.com. France 24. 2022-12-12 [2025-01-15]. After failing to seize the port and its naval base, Russian troops have been pummelling Ochakiv from the nearby Kinburn peninsula. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Philipson, Layne; Klepanchuk, Yekaterina; Williams, Madison; Kagan, Frederick W. Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 21. understandingwar.org. 战争研究所. 2022-11-21 [2025-01-15]. 
  9. ^ Ukrainian forces strike Russian HQ in Kherson region, kill over 30 invaders, destroy two tanks. ukrinform.net. 乌通社. 2022-11-12 [2025-01-15]. From the Kinburn Spit, the enemy used a Grad system to fire at the Kutsurub community of the Mykolaiv region. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Armed Forces of Ukraine eliminate 43 invaders, five ammo depots in south. ukrinform.net. Ukrinform. 26 September 2022 [22 November 2022]. In addition, five ammunition depots were destroyed: in Bezimenne, Ternovi Pody, Kalynivka, and on the Kinburn Spit. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Stepanenko, Kateryna; Lawlor, Katherine; Barros, George; Bailey, Riley; Kagan, Frederick W. Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 26. understandingwar.org. 战争研究所. 26 September 2022 [24 November 2022]. 
  12. ^ Ukraine's Armed Forces strike enemy base on Kinburn Spit. ukrinform.net. 乌通社. 2022-09-19 [2025-01-15]. 
  13. ^ Midttun, Hans Petter. Russo-Ukrainian War. Day 262: Ukrainian defense forces liberate Kherson city. euromaidanpress.com. Euromaidan Press. 2022-11-12 [2025-01-15]. 
  14. ^ Mirovalev, Mansur. Russia's Kherson retreat marks tectonic shift in Ukraine war. aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera. 2022-11-11 [2025-01-15]. But navigation is so far impossible as Russia controls the Kinburn Spit, its last toehold in the southern Mykolaiv region, that blocks the way from the Dnieper to the Black Sea and farther into the Mediterranean, Kushch said. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Stepanenko, Kateryna; Hird, Karolina; Philipson, Layne; Howard, Angela; Klepanchuk, Yekaterina; Williams, Madison; Kagan, Frederick W. Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 14. understandingwar.org. 战争研究所. 2022-11-14 [2025-01-15]. 
  16. ^ Axe, David. The Zaporizhzhia Left Hook: How The Ukrainian Army Could Get Behind The Dnieper River And Roll Up Thousands Of Russian Troops需要付费订阅. Forbes. 2022-11-15 [2025-01-15]. The Ukrainians' southern push mostly has paused on the Dnipro's right bank, although there are signs that Ukrainian special operations forces have used small boats to cross the mouth of the Dnipro and reconnoiter the Kinburn Spit 
  17. ^ Vanian, Roman. AFU refutes liberation of Oleshky and Kinburn Spit. ukranews.com. 乌克兰新闻通讯社. 2022-11-15 [2025-01-15]. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Ukrainian rocket and artillery units attacked Kinburn Spit, Nova Kakhovka, Oleshky in occupied south – OpCommand South. euromaidanpress.com. Euromaidan Press. 2022-11-16 [2025-01-15]. 
  19. ^ Ukrainian forces open fire on invaders on left bank of Dnipro River, near Kinburn Spit. ukrinform.net. 乌通社. 2022-11-16 [2025-01-15]. In total, the military completed more than 50 fire missions.,原文如此 killing 17 Russian occupiers, destroying and damaged 15 armored vehicles, two self-propelled artillery pieces and an Orlan-10 reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicle. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Kuczyński, Grzegorz. Ukraine Launches Assault On The Strategic Kinburn Peninsula. warsawinstitute.org. 华沙研究所. 2022-11-23 [2025-01-15]. 
  21. ^ Lewis, Kaitlin. Ukraine Destroys Russian 'Base Point' at Kinburn Spit: Report. newsweek.com. Newsweek. 2022-11-18 [2025-01-15]. Ukraine's military reported that its attack 'demilitarized seven Russians and two auto armor units,' adding that the 'base point' had been 'destroyed.' 
  22. ^ Ukraine's operation to liberate Kinburn Spit continues - Humeniuk. ukrinform.net. 乌通社. 2022-11-22 [2025-01-15]. 
  23. ^ Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 27. understandingwar.org. Institute for the Study of War. 27 November 2022 [5 December 2022]. 
  24. ^ Zubkova, Dasha. Military Operation On Kinburn Spit Of Mykolaiv Region Continues - Operational Command South. ukranews.com. 乌克兰新闻通讯社. 2022-11-28 [2025-01-15]. 
  25. ^ No civilians left on Kinburn Spit, only invaders. news.yahoo.com. 雅虎新闻. 2022-12-09 [2025-01-15]. 
  26. ^ Hird, Karolina; Bailey, Riley; Williams, Madison; Klepanchuk, Yekaterina; Kagan, Frederick W. Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 30. understandingwar.org. Institute for the Study of War. 30 November 2022 [5 December 2022]. Mykolaiv Oblast Head Vitaly Kim announced on November 30 that Ukrainian forces are conducting an operation on the Kinburn Spit under informational silence conditions. Kim also stated that Russian forces forcibly removed residents from the Kinburn Spit on November 28. 
  27. ^ Russians forcibly deport 37 local residents from Kinburn Spit. news.yahoo.com. 雅虎新闻. 乌克兰真理报. 2022-11-30 [2025-01-15]. 
  28. ^ O'Callaghan, Laura; Rose, Sunniva. Sergey Lavrov says US role in Ukraine war poses existential threat to Russia. thenationalnews.com. The National. 2022-12-01 [2025-01-15]. Vitalii Kim, the head of Mykolaiv Oblast's military administration, said […] "the occupiers forcibly deported people from the settlements of the Kinburn Spit", adding that 37 locals had been expelled. 
  29. ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Bailey, Riley; Barros, George; Williams, Madison; Kagan, Frederick W. Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 24. understandingwar.org. 战争研究所. 2022-12-24 [2025-01-15]. 
  30. ^ About 30 Russian soldiers killed during Ukrainian raid on Kinburn Spit, military intelligence says. 基辅独立报. 2024-08-09 [2025-01-15]. 
  31. ^ РЛП "Кінбурнська коса": регіональний ландшафтний парк [RLP "Kinburnska spit": regional landscape park]. Kinburn. (原始内容存档于2012-11-02) (乌克兰语). 
  32. ^ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 Kinburn Spit. Discover Ukraine. [20 August 2024]. 
  33. ^ Grinevetsky, Sergei R.; Zonn, Igor S.; Zhiltsov, Sergei S.; Kosarev, Aleksey N.; Kostianoy, Andrey G. The Black Sea Encyclopedia. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 30 September 2014: 395 [20 August 2024]. ISBN 978-3-642-55227-4. LCCN 2014949201. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55227-4. 
  34. ^ Unique plants in the south of Ukraine may become extinct because of the war. uacrisis.org. Ukraine Crisis Media Center. 2022-12-23 [29 December 2022]. Oleksiy Vasyliuk, head of the NGO Ukrainian Nature Conservation Group, said that there are unique plants on the Kinburn Spit that grow only there and nowhere else on the planet, for example, two cornflower species – Сentaurea breviceps and Сentaurea Paczoskii. 
  35. ^ 35.0 35.1 Cundy, Antonia. Dead dolphins: how nature became another casualty of the Ukraine war. 卫报. 2022-06-07 [24 November 2022]. 
  36. ^ Kottasová, Ivana. Ukraine's natural environment is another casualty of war. The damage could be felt for decades. cnn.com. CNN. 22 May 2022 [24 November 2022]. Precious perennial forests and salt marshes in the Kinburn Spit Reserve in the Mykolaiv region were on fire for more than a week, its unique habitats were left devastated, according to Zinoviy Petrovich, the head of Kinburn Spit Reserve.