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膜虾目

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膜虾目
化石时期:寒武纪
瓦普塔虾英语Waptia
加拿大盾虫英语Canadaspis化石
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
演化支 有颚类 Mandibulata
目: 膜虾目 Hymenocarina
Størmer, 1944
异名

Canadaspidida Novozhilov in Orlov, 1960

膜虾目学名Hymenocarina)为节肢动物门下一个已灭绝的演化支,生存于寒武纪。它们的共同特征为双瓣的外壳英语carapace及突出外壳的尾部,但除此之外它们具有十分多样化的外型,并占据了不同的生态位,包含滤食性动物以及掠食者等。近年来的研究基于部分膜虾目物种具有大颚英语Mandible (arthropod mouthpart)的结构,认为它们属于有颚类基群或是冠群

分类学

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膜虾目主要有以下共同特征:覆盖头胸部区域的双瓣甲壳、头胸部具有多节的触须大颚英语Mandible (arthropod mouthpart)、口器后方的附肢上多带有刺、末端带爪的内肢、触须与大颚之间不具有附肢、一对复眼之间具有突出的骨片和叶片状突起、后部体段英语Tagma (biology)(腹部)具有明显的环状分节,末端具有一对发展完善的尾支英语Caudal ramus[2][1]

由于它们头部具有较少的分节及附肢数量,于2010年代早期时认为膜虾目属于真节肢动物的干群[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]。然而,在2010年代末发现了它们具有大颚后,膜虾目被认为应属于有颚类[2][1][11][12]。自此之后,大部分的支序演化学分析普遍认为,膜虾目属于有颚足类的干群[2][13][1][14][15][16][17][18],但也有一些研究将膜虾目置于较接近冠群的位置,例如干泛甲壳动物[1][19][20][18]、干多足类[1]、干六足亚门[16]或是位于这些演化支之间的位置[21]

膜虾目下目前有数个已被承认的科,包括吐卓虫科英语Tuzoiidae瓦普塔虾科英语Waptiidae[1]以及原虾科英语Protocarididae[2],但除此之外其他物种之间的关系则仍然十分模糊,目前尚不清楚膜虾目是单系群亦或是并系群[22][23]

然而,生存于寒武纪的双瓣壳节肢动物则确认属于并系群,诸如等刺虫目英语Isoxyida高肌虫目英语Bradoriida磷足类英语Phosphatocopina等,被认为与膜虾目仅为远亲关系[17][24][25][26]。另外,外形与瓦普塔虾属十分类似的川滇虫属英语Chuandianella,长期以来一直认为与瓦普塔虾为近亲[1][21],但是于2022年发表的研究表明,由于川滇虫缺乏膜虾目的共同特征-大颚,因此不属于膜虾目,而是属于仍然地位未定的真节肢动物[24]

多样性

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膜虾目具有十分多样化的外型,有些物种如瓦普塔虾属英语Waptia外表与现存的类似[1],其他物种如奥代雷虫属则具有巨大的外壳英语carapace及分作三叉的尾部[27]。另外,膜虾目的附肢于不同物种之间也有不同形式的特化,如瓦普塔虾属的附肢就呈羽鳃状[1]都昆虫属则具有粗壮的螯肢[2]。此外,膜虾目物种之间的体型差异也很大,如胸针虾属英语Fibulacaris的体长仅有2 cm(0.79英寸)[28],体型最大的巴哈姆特虾属英语Balhuticaris体长则可达24.5 cm(9.6英寸)[23]。最后,膜虾目占据了许多不同的生态位,包括食腐动物掠食者底栖摄食者、以及滤食性动物[23]

参考文献

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