异虫纲

异虫纲; 化石时期：寒武纪第三期–早石炭世 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	广卫怪诞虫 Hallucigenia hongmeia
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
并系群：	†叶足动物 Lobopodia
纲：	†异虫纲 Xenusia; Dzik & Krumbiegel, 1989
下属分类
	见内文

异虫纲（学名：Xenusia）是一类生存在古生代海洋中的已灭绝动物，是叶足动物的代表演化支，可能包括有爪动物的祖先。^[2]模式属是异虫属（Xenusion）。^[3]它们具有相对较大的环状圆柱形的身体，它们的叶足基部有结节。有些附肢较大，^[3]这些埋藏的化石生物资讯能够做为其代表。^[4]它们的口器在躯体末端或接近末端，它们曾经生活在全球各地的海洋中。^[5]它们可能是一个并系群，而不是单系群。

分类

异虫纲包括以下目和科:^[5]

始有爪目 Archonychophora

始有爪目 Archonychophora Hou & Bergstrom, 1995^[2]^[6]
- 啰哩山虫科 Luolishaniidae Hou & Bergstrom, 1995 ^[6]
  - 啰哩山虫属 Luolishania Hou & Chen 1989
  - 神奇啰哩山虫属 Miraluolishania Liu & Shu 2004
- 贫腿虫科 Paucipodiidae Hou et al., 2004^[7]
  - 贫腿虫属 Paucipodia Hou et al. 2004

原有爪目 Protonychophora

原有爪目 Protonychophora Hutchinson, 1930
- 埃谢栉蚕科 Aysheaiidae Walcott, 1911
  - 埃谢栉蚕属 Aysheaia Walcott 1911
- 异虫科 Xenusiidae Dzik & Krumbiegel, 1989
  - 异虫属 Xenusion Pompeckj, 1927

坚有爪目 Scleronychophora

坚有爪目 Scleronychophora Hou & Bergstrom, 1995
- 始小贝科 Eoconchariidae Hou & Shu, 1987
  - 微网虫属 Microdictyon Bengtson et al.
  - 方孔虫属 Quadratapora Hao and Shu, 1987
  - 纺锤贝虫属 Fusuconcharium Hao and Shu, 1987
- 怪诞虫科 Hallucigeniidae Conway Morris, 1977
  - 怪诞虫属 Hallucigenia Conway Morris 1977 ^[8]
  - 石炭小管虫属 Carbotubulus Haug et al. 2012^[9]
- 心网虫科 Cardiodictyidae Hou & Bergstrom, 1995
  - 心网虫属 Cardiodictyon Hou et al. 1991^[8]

等有爪目 Paronychophora

等有爪目 Paronychophora Hou & Bergstrom, 1995
- 爪网虫科 Onychodictyidae Hou & Bergstrom, 1995
  - 爪网虫属 Onychodictyon Hou et al. 1991

目未定

Orstenotubulus Maas et al. 2007^[10]
Mureropodia^[11]

参考文献

^ Dzik, J.; Krumbiegel, G. N. The oldest 'onychophoran' Xenusion: A link connecting phyla?. Lethaia. 1989, 22 (2): 169–181. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1989.tb01679.x.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Hou, X.; Bergström, J. A. N. Cambrian lobopodians-ancestors of extant onychophorans?. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1995, 114: 3–19. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00110.x.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Jianni Liu Degan Shu, Jian Han, Zhifei Zhang & Xingliang Zhang. A large xenusiid lobopod with complex appendages from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2006, 51 (2): 215–222 [2020-04-27]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-09）.
^ Julián Monge-Nájera & Xianguang Hou; Hou. Experimental taphonomy of velvet worms (Onychophora) and implications for the Cambrian "explosion, disparity and decimation" model (PDF). Revista de Biología Tropical. 2002, 50 (3–4): 1133–1138. PMID 12947596. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于June 29, 2011）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 George Poinar, Jr. Fossil onychophorans from Dominican and Baltic amber: Tertiapatus dominicanus n.g., n.sp. (Tertiapatidae n.fam.) and Succinipatopsis balticus n.g., n.sp. (Succinipatopsidae n.fam.) with a proposed classification of the subphylum Onychophora. Invertebrate Biology. 2000, 119 (1): 104–109. JSTOR 3227105. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2000.tb00178.x.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Ma, X.; Hou, X.; Bergström, J. Morphology of Luolishania longicruris (Lower Cambrian, Chengjiang Lagerstätte, SW China) and the phylogenetic relationships within lobopodians. Arthropod Structure & Development. 2009, 38 (4): 271–291. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2009.03.001.
^ Xian-Guang Hou, Xiao-Ya Ma, Jie Zhao & Jan Bergström; Ma; Zhao; Bergström. The lobopodian Paucipodia inermis from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna, Yunnan, China. Lethaia. 2004, 37 (3): 235–244. doi:10.1080/00241160410006555.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Whittle, R. J.; Gabbott, S. E.; Aldridge, R. J.; Theron, J. An Ordovician Lobopodian from the Soom Shale Lagerstätte, South Africa. Palaeontology. May 2009, 52 (3): 561–567. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00860.x.
^ Haug, J. T.; Mayer, G.; Haug, C.; Briggs, D. E. G. A Carboniferous Non-Onychophoran Lobopodian Reveals Long-Term Survival of a Cambrian Morphotype. Current Biology. 2012, 22 (18): 1673–1675. PMID 22885062. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.066 .
^ Maas, A.; Mayer, G.; Kristensen, R. M.; Waloszek, D. A Cambrian micro-lobopodian and the evolution of arthropod locomotion and reproduction. Chinese Science Bulletin. 2007, 52 (24): 3385–3392. doi:10.1007/s11434-007-0515-3.
^ Gámez Vintaned, J. A.; Liñán, E.; Zhuravlev, A. A New Early Cambrian Lobopod-Bearing Animal (Murero, Spain) and the Problem of the Ecdysozoan Early Diversification. Evolutionary Biology – Concepts, Biodiversity, Macroevolution and Genome Evolution. 29 June 2011: 193–219. ISBN 978-3-642-20762-4. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20763-1_12.

[Dzik1989-1] Dzik, J.; Krumbiegel, G. N. The oldest 'onychophoran' Xenusion: A link connecting phyla?. Lethaia. 1989, 22 (2): 169–181. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1989.tb01679.x.

[Hou1995-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Hou, X.; Bergström, J. A. N. Cambrian lobopodians-ancestors of extant onychophorans?. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1995, 114: 3–19. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00110.x.

[Liu2006-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Jianni Liu Degan Shu, Jian Han, Zhifei Zhang & Xingliang Zhang. A large xenusiid lobopod with complex appendages from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2006, 51 (2): 215–222 [2020-04-27]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-09）.

[4] Julián Monge-Nájera & Xianguang Hou; Hou. Experimental taphonomy of velvet worms (Onychophora) and implications for the Cambrian "explosion, disparity and decimation" model (PDF). Revista de Biología Tropical. 2002, 50 (3–4): 1133–1138. PMID 12947596. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于June 29, 2011）.

[Poinar2000-5] 5.0 ^5.1 George Poinar, Jr. Fossil onychophorans from Dominican and Baltic amber: Tertiapatus dominicanus n.g., n.sp. (Tertiapatidae n.fam.) and Succinipatopsis balticus n.g., n.sp. (Succinipatopsidae n.fam.) with a proposed classification of the subphylum Onychophora. Invertebrate Biology. 2000, 119 (1): 104–109. JSTOR 3227105. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2000.tb00178.x.

[Ma2009-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Ma, X.; Hou, X.; Bergström, J. Morphology of Luolishania longicruris (Lower Cambrian, Chengjiang Lagerstätte, SW China) and the phylogenetic relationships within lobopodians. Arthropod Structure & Development. 2009, 38 (4): 271–291. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2009.03.001.

[7] Xian-Guang Hou, Xiao-Ya Ma, Jie Zhao & Jan Bergström; Ma; Zhao; Bergström. The lobopodian Paucipodia inermis from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna, Yunnan, China. Lethaia. 2004, 37 (3): 235–244. doi:10.1080/00241160410006555.

[Whittle2009-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Whittle, R. J.; Gabbott, S. E.; Aldridge, R. J.; Theron, J. An Ordovician Lobopodian from the Soom Shale Lagerstätte, South Africa. Palaeontology. May 2009, 52 (3): 561–567. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00860.x.

[Haug2012-9] Haug, J. T.; Mayer, G.; Haug, C.; Briggs, D. E. G. A Carboniferous Non-Onychophoran Lobopodian Reveals Long-Term Survival of a Cambrian Morphotype. Current Biology. 2012, 22 (18): 1673–1675. PMID 22885062. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.066 .

[Maas2007-10] Maas, A.; Mayer, G.; Kristensen, R. M.; Waloszek, D. A Cambrian micro-lobopodian and the evolution of arthropod locomotion and reproduction. Chinese Science Bulletin. 2007, 52 (24): 3385–3392. doi:10.1007/s11434-007-0515-3.

[Gámez_Vintaned2011-11] Gámez Vintaned, J. A.; Liñán, E.; Zhuravlev, A. A New Early Cambrian Lobopod-Bearing Animal (Murero, Spain) and the Problem of the Ecdysozoan Early Diversification. Evolutionary Biology – Concepts, Biodiversity, Macroevolution and Genome Evolution. 29 June 2011: 193–219. ISBN 978-3-642-20762-4. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20763-1_12.

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