跳转到内容

恒星光度列表

维基百科，自由的百科全书
（重定向自最光恆星列表）

下面的恒星列表是依据恒星的绝对热星等增加（发光度减弱）的顺序排列。绝对星等是恒星在距离地球10秒差距所呈现的视星等。绝对热星等是测量恒星的发光度–一颗恒星每秒钟所辐射的总能量。这个表并不十分完整，因为一颗恒星的距离如果远到我们看不到它，我们就无从得知它的发光度。一些参考资料所给的恒星发光度非常的不一样（不同的顺序或不同的恒星），这些恒星的不同数据资料有些不见得是不可靠，而是注意的和分析时注重的物理资讯不同和有实际上的困难。

图例
沃尔夫-拉叶星
高光度蓝变星
O型星
B型星

太阳光度1百万倍以上的恒星：

恒星名称 辐射热光度(太阳=1) 绝对热星等 距离(光年) 视星等 有效温度(K) 链接 参考文献
R136a1 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 6166000 -12.235 163000 12.28 46000 SIMBAD [1][2]
R136a2 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 5623000 -12.135 163000 12.34 50000 SIMBAD [1][2]
BAT99-98 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 5012000 -12.01 165000 13.38 45000 SIMBAD [3][2]
G0.238-0.071 (位于银心) 5012000 -12.01 26000 14.37 (J波段) 39500-44000 SIMBAD [4][5]
M33-013406.63 A (位于三角座星系) 4677000 -11.935 3000000 16.084 30000 SIMBAD [6][7]
海山二 A (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) 4600000 -11.917 7500 4.3 9400-35200 SIMBAD [8][9]
R136a3 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 4266000 -11.835 163000 12.97 50000 SIMBAD [1][2]
Sk -69° 249 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2074) 4130000 -11.8 160000 10.68 38900 SIMBAD [10][11]
人马座V4998 (靠近五合星团) 3981000 -11.76 25000 12.534 (J波段) 12000 SIMBAD [12][13]
R136c (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 3802000 -11.71 163000 13.43 51000 SIMBAD [14][2]
BAT99-105 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 3631000 -11.66 163000 12.78 47300 SIMBAD [15][2]
默瑟23-2 (位于靠近银河平面的默瑟23) 3631000 -11.66 21200 8.646 (J波段) 38000 SIMBAD [16][13]
G0.070+0.025 (位于银心) 3311000 -11.56 26000 14.799 (J波段) 45000 SIMBAD [4]
手枪星 (位于五合星团) 3300000 -11.556 25000 11.79 (J波段) 11800 SIMBAD [17][18]
默瑟30-1 A (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) 3236000 -11.535 40000 10.33 (J波段) 32200 SIMBAD [19]
VFTS 682 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 3236000 -11.535 164000 16.08 52200 SIMBAD [15][2]
WR 42e (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) 3200000 -11.523 25000 14.53 43000 SIMBAD [20]
牡丹星 (靠近银心) 3162000 -11.51 26000 12.978 (J波段) 25100 SIMBAD [21][13]
R99 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的N44) 3162000 -11.51 163000 11.52 28000 SIMBAD [3][22]
Var A-1 (位于仙女座星系) 3133000 -11.5 2500000 17.143 20400-28100 SIMBAD [23][7]
VFTS 1022 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 3020000 -11.46 164000 13.47 42200 SIMBAD [15][2]
WR 24 (位于船底座星云的科林德228) 2951000 -11.435 8200 6.48 50100 SIMBAD [24][25]
CXOGC J174528.6-285605 (位于银心) 2884000 -11.41 26000 14.46 (J波段) 30000 SIMBAD [26]
G0.059-0.068 (位于银心) 2884000 -11.41 26000 13.337 (J波段) 39500-44000 SIMBAD [4][5]
HD 97950 B (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) 2884000 -11.41 24000 11.33 42000 SIMBAD [27][28]
BAT99-116 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 2692000 -11.335 163000 13.09 53000 SIMBAD [29][2]
WR 102hb (位于五合星团) 2630000 -11.31 26000 13.9 (J波段) 25100 SIMBAD [30][18]
BAT99-80 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) 2512000 -11.26 165000 13 45000 SIMBAD [3][31]
R146 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 2512000 -11.26 164000 13.11 63000 SIMBAD [3][2]
VFTS 482 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 2512000 -11.26 164000 12.95 42200 SIMBAD [15][2]
HD 97950 A1a (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) 2455000 -11.235 24000 11.18 42000 SIMBAD [27][28]
WR 102ea (位于五合星团) 2455000 -11.235 26000 13.18 (J波段) 25100 SIMBAD [30][18]
CXOGC J174516.1-284909 (位于银心) 2399000 -11.21 26000 11.49 (J波段) 20000 SIMBAD [26]
CXOGC J174711.4-283006 (位于银心) 2399000 -11.21 26000 16.56 (J波段) 30000 SIMBAD [26]
WR 25 A (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) 2399000 -11.21 6800 8.8 50100 SIMBAD [24][22]
LGGS J004444.52+412804.0 (位于仙女座星系) 2377000 -11.2 2500000 18.1 7000-18000 SIMBAD [23][32]
Sk -69° 212 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) 2377000 -11.2 160000 12.416 45400 SIMBAD [10][33]
WR 93 (位于NGC 6357内的匹斯密斯24) 2377000 -11.2 5700 10.68 71000 SIMBAD [34][22]
BAT99-116 B (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 2344000 -11.185 163000 13.09 53000 SIMBAD [29][2]
VVV CL041-8 (位于VVV CL041) 2344000 -11.185 13700 10.146 (J波段) 34000 SIMBAD [35][13]
Cl 1813-178 #16 (位于W33分子云内的Cl 1813-178) 2291000 -11.16 15300 9.428 (J波段) 30200 SIMBAD [36][13]
VVV CL074-12 (位于VVV CL074) 2291000 -11.16 20000 12.34 (J波段) 22500 SIMBAD [37]
圆拱星团-F6 (位于圆拱星团) 2239000 -11.135 25000 15.75 (J波段) 33900 SIMBAD [38][39]
圆拱星团-F9 (位于圆拱星团) 2239000 -11.135 25000 16.1 (J波段) 36600 SIMBAD [38][39]
HD 5980 A (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) 2239000 -11.135 200000 11.31 21000-53000 SIMBAD [40][41]
HD 97950 C1 (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) 2239000 -11.135 24000 11.89 44000 SIMBAD [27][28]
R136b (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 2239000 -11.135 165000 13.24 37000 SIMBAD [1][2]
R145 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 2239000 -11.135 163000 12.04 50000 SIMBAD [42][2]
Var 83 (位于三角座星系) 2239000 -11.135 3000000 16.027 18000-37000 SIMBAD [43][44]
CXOGC J174712.2-283121 (位于银心) 2188000 -11.11 26000 17.06 (J波段) 35000 SIMBAD [26]
HD 269810 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2032) 2188000 -11.11 170000 12.22 52500 SIMBAD [45][11]
VFTS 1021 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 2188000 -11.11 164000 13.35 39800 SIMBAD [15][2]
ST5-31 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2074) 2168000 -11.1 160000 12.273 50700 SIMBAD [10][46]
G0.058+0.014 (位于银心) 2138000 -11.085 26000 14.704 (J波段) 45000 SIMBAD [4]
HSH95-36 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 2138000 -11.085 163000 14.41 52000 SIMBAD [1][2]
R145 B (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 2138000 -11.085 163000 12.04 43000 SIMBAD [42][2]
WR 89 (位于HM 1) 2138000 -11.085 9500 11.02 39800 SIMBAD [24][11]
AFGL 2298 (靠近银河平面) 2000000 -11.013 33000 12.164 (J波段) 15500-26000 SIMBAD [47][13]
圆拱星团-F1 (位于圆拱星团) 1995000 -11.01 25000 16.3 (J波段) 33200 SIMBAD [38][39]
圆拱星团-F4 (位于圆拱星团) 1995000 -11.01 25000 15.63 (J波段) 36800 SIMBAD [38][39]
圆拱星团-F7 (位于圆拱星团) 1995000 -11.01 25000 15.74 (J波段) 32900 SIMBAD [38][39]
CXOGC J174656.3-283232 (位于银心) 1995000 -11.01 26000 16.74 (J波段) 30000 SIMBAD [26]
LBV 1806-20 (位于银心内的G10.0–0.3) 1995000 -11.01 28000 13.66 (J波段) 18000-32000 SIMBAD [48][13]
默瑟81-2 (位于G338.4+0.2内的默瑟81) 1995000 -11.01 35900 13.25 (J波段) 36000 SIMBAD [49]
VFTS 545 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1995000 -11.01 164000 13.32 47300 SIMBAD [15][2]
WR 147S (位于天鹅座OB2) 1995000 -11.01 5800 13.86 39800 SIMBAD [24][50]
DBSB 179-15 (位于G347.6+0.2内的DBSB 179) 1950000 -10.985 25800 12.5 (J波段) 37000 SIMBAD [51][52]
G0.114+0.021 (位于银心) 1950000 -10.985 26000 16.672 (J波段) 40000 SIMBAD [4]
R136a5 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1950000 -10.985 165000 13.71 47000 SIMBAD [1][2]
AB6 A (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 371) 1905000 -10.96 197000 12.3 80000 SIMBAD [40][53]
R136a8 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1905000 -10.96 165000 14.42 51000 SIMBAD [54][2]
WR 22 A (位于船底座星云的波鸿10) 1905000 -10.96 8200 6.42 44700 SIMBAD [24][22]
R136a6 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1862000 -10.935 165000 13.35 53000 SIMBAD [1][2]
Hen 3-519 (位于蓝泡泡星云) 1820000 -10.91 24000 10.85 30200 SIMBAD [55][41]
LGGS J004051.59+403303.0 (位于仙女座星系) 1803000 -10.9 2500000 16.989 18000-24000 SIMBAD [23][7]
MSX5C G358.5391+00.1305 (位于Wray 17-96) 1800000 -10.898 15000 15 13000 SIMBAD [56][11]
HD 5980 B (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) 1778000 -10.885 200000 11.31 45000 SIMBAD [40][28]
R136a7 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1778000 -10.885 165000 13.97 49000 SIMBAD [1][2]
WR 130 (位于天鹅座OB3) 1778000 -10.885 21700 12.13 44700 SIMBAD [24][11]
WR 21a A (来自维斯特卢2的速逃星) 1778000 -10.885 14300 12.661 45000 SIMBAD [57][11]
人马座V4650 (位于五合星团) 1770000 -10.88 25000 12.31 (J波段) 11300 SIMBAD [58][18]
CXOGC J174536.1-285638 (位于银心) 1738000 -10.86 26000 15.55 (J波段) 30000 SIMBAD [26]
默瑟30-7 A (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) 1738000 -10.86 40000 11.516 (J波段) 41400 SIMBAD [19]
R136a4 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1738000 -10.86 165000 13.41 48000 SIMBAD [1][2]
VFTS 506 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1738000 -10.86 164000 13.31 47300 SIMBAD [15][2]
DBSB 179-20 (位于G347.6+0.2内的DBSB 179) 1698000 -10.835 25800 12.37 (J波段) 35000 SIMBAD [51][52]
R147 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1698000 -10.835 164000 13.02 50000 SIMBAD [3][2]
VFTS 16 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1698000 -10.835 164000 13.55 53100 SIMBAD [15][2]
天鹅座OB2-12 A (位于天鹅座OB2) 1660000 -10.81 5000 11.702 13700 SIMBAD [59][60]
Sher 18 (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) 1644000 -10.8 25000 12.51 39500 SIMBAD [28][61]
Sher 47 (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) 1644000 -10.8 25000 12.67 44000 SIMBAD [28][61]
Mercer 23-1 (位于靠近银河平面的默瑟23) 1622000 -10.785 21200 10.615 (J波段) 35000 SIMBAD [16][13]
VFTS 1017 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1622000 -10.785 164000 14.52 50100 SIMBAD [15][2]
WR 87 (位于HM 1) 1622000 -10.785 9500 11.83 44700 SIMBAD [24][11]
仙女座AF (位于仙女座星系) 1585000 -10.76 2500000 17.325 28000 SIMBAD [43][7]
圆拱星团-F12 (位于圆拱星团) 1585000 -10.76 25000 16.4 (J波段) 36900 SIMBAD [38][39]
HSH95-18 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1585000 -10.76 163000 13.87 47000 SIMBAD [2]
LHO 110 (位于五合星团) 1585000 -10.76 26000 13.87 (J波段) 25100 SIMBAD [30][18]
R140a1 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1585000 -10.76 163000 12.12 34000 SIMBAD [2]
VFTS 457 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1585000 -10.76 164000 13.74 39800 SIMBAD [15][2]
WR 107 (位于人马座OB1) 1585000 -10.76 9400 13.51 50100 SIMBAD [24][11]
WR 140 B (位于天鹅座OB1) 1585000 -10.76 5300 6.85 35000 SIMBAD [62][22]
WR 148 A (来自银河平面的速逃星) 1585000 -10.76 27100 10.3 39800 SIMBAD [24][22]
CXOGC J174617.0-285131 (位于银心) 1549000 -10.735 26000 14.98 (J波段) 40000 SIMBAD [26]
CXOGC J174725.3-282709 (位于银心) 1549000 -10.735 26000 16.37 (J波段) 30000 SIMBAD [26]
Sk -68° 137 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1549000 -10.735 160000 13.346 55000 SIMBAD [45][33]
WR 102i (位于五合星团) 1549000 -10.735 26000 14.31 (J波段) 31600 SIMBAD [30][18]
HD 97950 A1b (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) 1514000 -10.71 24000 11.18 40000 SIMBAD [27][28]
布雷21 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1910) 1500000 -10.7 165000 11.29 71000 SIMBAD [10][11]
HD 97950 A2 (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) 1500000 -10.7 24000 12.53 46500 SIMBAD [28][61]
HM 1-6 (位于HM 1) 1500000 -10.7 11000 11.64 44700 SIMBAD [34][63]
LGGS J013245.41+303858.3 (位于三角座星系) 1500000 -10.7 3000000 17.612 34000 SIMBAD [64][7]
NGC 346-W1 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) 1500000 -10.7 200000 12.57 43400 SIMBAD [10][53]
Sk -65° 47 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1923) 1500000 -10.7 160000 12.466 47800 SIMBAD [10][33]
Sk 80 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) 1500000 -10.7 200000 12.31 38900 SIMBAD [10][65]
HD 93129 Aa (位于船底座星云内的川普勒14) 1479000 -10.685 7500 6.9 42500 SIMBAD [66][22]
HSH95-46 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1445000 -10.66 163000 14.56 49000 SIMBAD [1][2]
VFTS 542 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1445000 -10.66 164000 13.49 44700 SIMBAD [15][2]
AB8 A (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 602) 1413000 -10.635 197000 12.9 141000 SIMBAD [40][67]
圆拱星团-F15 (位于圆拱星团) 1413000 -10.635 25000 16.12 (J波段) 35600 SIMBAD [38][39]
CXOGC J174550.2-284911 (位于银心) 1413000 -10.635 26000 15.24 (J波段) 30000 SIMBAD [26]
DBSB 179-4 (位于G347.6+0.2内的DBSB 179) 1413000 -10.635 25800 12.25 (J波段) 30000 SIMBAD [51][52]
LGGS J013235.25+303017.6 (位于三角座星系) 1413000 -10.635 3000000 18.007 33000 SIMBAD [6][68]
R134 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1413000 -10.635 164000 12.58 47000 SIMBAD [3][2]
剑鱼座S (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1910) 1413000 -10.635 169000 10.25 20000 SIMBAD [69][11]
WR 66 (位于圆规座OB1) 1413000 -10.635 16900 11.34 44700 SIMBAD [24][22]
HD 37974 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的N135) 1400000 -10.625 163000 10.99 22500 SIMBAD [70][11]
VFTS 621 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1380000 -10.61 164000 15.39 54000 SIMBAD [15][2]
WR 131 (位于天鹅座OB3) 1380000 -10.61 22600 12.08 44700 SIMBAD [24][63]
Sk -69° 104 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1910) 1368000 -10.6 160000 12.1 39900 SIMBAD [10][33]
默瑟30-6a A (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) 1349000 -10.585 40000 10.39 (J波段) 29900 SIMBAD [19]
VFTS 427 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1349000 -10.585 164000 13.76 39800 SIMBAD [15][2]
CXOGC J174502.8-290859 (位于银心) 1318000 -10.56 26000 13.93 (J波段) 33000 SIMBAD [26]
WR 18 (位于船底座星云内的船底座OB1) 1288000 -10.535 12450 10.83 112200 SIMBAD [24][11]
AB7 A (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 371) 1259000 -10.51 197000 13.016 105000 SIMBAD [40][53]
圆拱星团-F3 (位于圆拱星团) 1259000 -10.51 25000 16.06 (J波段) 29600 SIMBAD [38][39]
圆拱星团-F8 (位于圆拱星团) 1259000 -10.51 25000 16.31 (J波段) 32900 SIMBAD [38][39]
HD 50064 (位于NGC 2301) 1259000 -10.51 9500 8.21 13500 SIMBAD [71]
HSH95-16 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1259000 -10.51 163000 13.65 42000 SIMBAD [2]
HSH95-20 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1259000 -10.51 164000 13.71 46000 SIMBAD [2]
R139 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1259000 -10.51 163000 11.94 34000 SIMBAD [72][2]
VFTS 259 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1259000 -10.51 164000 13.65 37700 SIMBAD [15][2]
VFTS 1031 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1259000 -10.51 164000 13.89 48000 SIMBAD [2]
Sk -69° 194 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2033) 1247000 -10.5 160000 12.131 45000 SIMBAD [10][73]
ST2-22 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) 1247000 -10.5 160000 14.3 51300 SIMBAD [10][31]
川普勒27-27 (位于川普勒27) 1247000 -10.5 8200 13.31 37000 SIMBAD [34][11]
HSH95-47 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1230000 -10.485 163000 14.72 47000 SIMBAD [1][2]
VFTS 1028 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1230000 -10.485 164000 13.84 47300 SIMBAD [15][2]
LH 10-3601 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1763) 1202000 -10.46 160000 13.491 55000 SIMBAD [45][33]
AB1 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的DEM S10) 1175000 -10.435 197000 15.238 79000 SIMBAD [74][53]
BI 253 (来自大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云的速逃星) 1175000 -10.435 164000 13.76 54000 SIMBAD [14][75]
LGGS J013248.26+303950.4 (位于三角座星系) 1175000 -10.435 3000000 17.25 23000 SIMBAD [6][76]
默瑟30-8 (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) 1175000 -10.435 40000 11.658 (J波段) 38100 SIMBAD [19]
NGC 346-W3 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) 1175000 -10.435 200000 12.8 52500 SIMBAD [45][53]
WR 102d (位于五合星团) 1175000 -10.435 26000 15.18 (J波段) 35100 SIMBAD [30][18]
WR 126 (位于狐狸座OB2) 1175000 -10.435 24680 13.29 63000 SIMBAD [77][11]
WR 20a A (位于维斯特卢2) 1150000 -10.412 20000 13.28 43000 SIMBAD [78]
WR 20a B (位于维斯特卢2) 1150000 -10.412 20000 13.28 43000 SIMBAD [78]
GCIRS 16SW A (位于银心) 1149000 -10.411 26000 15.5 (J波段) 24400 SIMBAD [79]
GCIRS 16SW B (位于银心) 1149000 -10.411 26000 15.5 (J波段) 23500 SIMBAD [79]
BAT99-104 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1148000 -10.41 165000 14.52 63000 SIMBAD [3][2]
CXOGC J174516.7-285824 (位于银心) 1148000 -10.41 26000 16.67 (J波段) 35000 SIMBAD [26]
G0.121-0.099 (位于银心) 1148000 -10.41 26000 14.972 (J波段) 40000 SIMBAD [4]
G359.797+0.037 (位于银心) 1148000 -10.41 26000 16.1 (J波段) 30000 SIMBAD [4]
HD 93205 A (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) 1148000 -10.41 7500 7.75 51300 SIMBAD [80][22]
WR 158 (位于仙后座OB1) 1148000 -10.41 16300 11.282 44700 SIMBAD [24][60]
WR 28 (位于FSR 1555) 1148000 -10.41 18700 12.98 50100 SIMBAD [24][11]
HD 303308 (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) 1138000 -10.4 7500 8.17 51300 SIMBAD [34][22]
M33C-15235 (位于三角座星系) 1138000 -10.4 3000000 17.73 29200 SIMBAD [64][81]
AB9 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的DEM S80) 1122000 -10.385 197000 15.431 100000 SIMBAD [74][53]
圆拱星团-F18 (位于圆拱星团) 1122000 -10.385 25000 16.7 (J波段) 36900 SIMBAD [38][39]
BAT99-64 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2033) 1122000 -10.385 165000 14.073 71000 SIMBAD [3][33]
HSH95-48 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1122000 -10.385 163000 14.75 49000 SIMBAD [1][2]
Var B (位于三角座星系) 1122000 -10.385 3000000 16.208 9000 SIMBAD [43][7]
VFTS 562 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1122000 -10.385 164000 13.66 42200 SIMBAD [15][2]
WR 37 (位于G291.27-0.71内的SFC 27) 1122000 -10.385 21900 16 100000 SIMBAD [24][11]
VFTS 512 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1096000 -10.36 164000 14.28 47700 SIMBAD [15][2]
默瑟30-6b (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) 1072000 -10.335 40000 14.25 (J波段) 30500 SIMBAD [19]
VFTS 3 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1072000 -10.335 164000 11.56 21000 SIMBAD [14][2]
VFTS 151 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1072000 -10.335 164000 14.13 42200 SIMBAD [15][2]
VFTS 603 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1060000 -10.323 164000 13.99 43400 SIMBAD [82][2]
CXOGC J174532.7-285126 (位于银心) 1047000 -10.31 26000 10.72 (J波段) 40000 SIMBAD [26]
HD 93403 A (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) 1047000 -10.31 10000 8.27 39300 SIMBAD [83][11]
默瑟30-2 (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) 1047000 -10.31 40000 12.63 (J波段) 21200 SIMBAD [19]
R133 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1047000 -10.31 163000 12.49 37600 SIMBAD [15][2]
HD 97950 E (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) 1038000 -10.3 24000 13.081 46500 SIMBAD [28][61]
HD 229059 (位于伯克利87) 1038000 -10.3 3200 8.7 26300 SIMBAD [34][22]
M33C-10788 (位于三角座星系) 1038000 -10.3 3000000 17.95 32000 SIMBAD [64][81]
Sk -69° 200 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2033) 1038000 -10.3 160000 11.18 26300 SIMBAD [10][11]
Sk -69° 259 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2081) 1038000 -10.3 160000 11.93 30000 SIMBAD [10][11]
WR 77k (位于维斯特卢1) 1038000 -10.3 11000 18.86 35000 SIMBAD [84][85]
HD 93250 A (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) 1023000 -10.285 7500 7.5 46000 SIMBAD [86][22]
HSH95-31 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1023000 -10.285 163000 14.12 48000 SIMBAD [1][2]
VFTS 267 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1023000 -10.285 164000 13.49 44700 SIMBAD [15][2]
VFTS 599 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1023000 -10.285 164000 13.8 47300 SIMBAD [14][2]
VVV CL074-9 (位于VVV CL074) 1023000 -10.285 20000 15.22 (J波段) 37000 SIMBAD [37]
WR 156 (位于仙王座OB1) 1023000 -10.285 13400 11.01 39800 SIMBAD [24][41]
圆拱星团-F2 (WR 102aa 位于圆拱星团) 1000000 -10.26 25000 17.84 (J波段) 33500 SIMBAD [38][39]
圆拱星团-F14 (WR 102ba 位于圆拱星团) 1000000 -10.26 25000 16.38 (J波段) 34500 SIMBAD [38][39]
BAT99-68 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的BSDL 2505) 1000000 -10.26 163000 14.13 45000 SIMBAD [3][87]
CXOGC J174628.2-283920 (位于银心) 1000000 -10.26 26000 16.99 (J波段) 40000 SIMBAD [26]
CXOGC J174703.1-283119 (位于银心) 1000000 -10.26 26000 16.23 (J波段) 40000 SIMBAD [26]
HSH95-28 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1000000 -10.26 163000 14.09 48000 SIMBAD [2]
HSH95-57 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1000000 -10.26 163000 14.8 47000 SIMBAD [2]
R135 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1000000 -10.26 163000 13.48 50000 SIMBAD [3][2]
R140a2 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1000000 -10.26 163000 12.12 34000 SIMBAD [2]
R142 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1000000 -10.26 163000 11.82 21000 SIMBAD [2]
VFTS 64 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1000000 -10.26 164000 14.62 39800 SIMBAD [15][2]
VFTS 591 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1000000 -10.26 164000 12.55 27000 SIMBAD [2]
VFTS 1034 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 1000000 -10.26 164000 13.36 34000 SIMBAD [2]
VVV CL074-3 (位于VVV CL074) 1000000 -10.26 20000 14.72 (J波段) 31500 SIMBAD [37]

一些常见的光度在1百万太阳光度之下的恒星：

恒星名称 辐射热光度(太阳=1) 绝对热星等 距离(光年) 视星等 有效温度(K) 链接 参考文献
尾宿三 (位于天蝎座OB1内的NGC 6231) 851000 -10.085 8210 4.705 17200 SIMBAD [88][89]
弧矢增二十二 (位于船帆座分子云脊内的船帆座R2) 813000 -10.035 1080 2.25 40000 SIMBAD [90][22]
少卫/紫微右垣六 (来自NGC 1502的速逃星) 676000 -9.835 6000 4.29 29000 SIMBAD [86][22]
WR 78 (位于天蝎座OB1内的NGC 6231) 631000 -9.76 4100 6.48 50100 SIMBAD [24][25]
造父三 (来自仙王座OB3的速逃星) 631000 -9.76 3100 5.05 36000 SIMBAD [90][22]
天津增九 (位于天鹅座OB1内的IC 4996) 610000 -9.723 5100 4.82 18700 SIMBAD [91][22]
WR 79a (位于天蝎座OB1内的NGC 6231) 603000 -9.71 5600 5.77 35000 SIMBAD [92][22]
参宿二 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 537000 -9.585 2000 1.69 27500 SIMBAD [93][22]
海山二 B (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) 400000 -9.265 7500 4.3 37200 SIMBAD [94][9]
王良二 (位于仙后座OB14) 302000 -8.96 4000 4.16 23500 SIMBAD [93][22]
弧矢增六 Aa (位于NGC 2362) 299000 -8.95 5120 4.89 32000 SIMBAD [95][22]
天社一 B (位于船帆座OB2) 280000 -8.878 1230 1.83 35000 SIMBAD [96][22]
卷舌三 (位于英仙座OB2内的加州星云) 263000 -8.81 1200 4.04 35000 SIMBAD [86][22]
参宿一 Aa (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 250000 -8.755 1260 2.08 29500 SIMBAD [97]
苍蝇座θ Aa (位于半人马座OB1) 234000 -8.685 7400 5.53 83000 SIMBAD [98][22]
军市增五 (位于科林德121) 219000 -8.61 2800 3.043 15500 SIMBAD [99][22]
伐一C1 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户四边形星团) 204000 -8.535 1340 5.13 39000 SIMBAD [100][22]
参宿三 Aa1 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 191000 -8.46 1200 2.5 29500 SIMBAD [101][102]
天社一 A (位于船帆座OB2) 170000 -8.336 1230 1.83 57000 SIMBAD [96][22]
弧矢二 (位于科林德121) 151000 -8.21 2000 2.45 15000 SIMBAD [93][22]
觜宿一 A (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座λ星协) 150000 -8.2 1100 3.54 37700 SIMBAD [103][104]
参宿七 A (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 120000 -7.96 860 0.13 12100 SIMBAD [105][22]
伐二 A (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 107000 -7.833 1500 5.02 34900 SIMBAD [106][107]
天市右垣十一/韩 (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的上天蝎次集团) 74100 -7.435 370 2.569 34000 SIMBAD [86][22]
伐三 Aa1 (位于猎户座分子云团内的NGC 1980) 68000 -7.341 1340 2.77 32500 SIMBAD [108][109]
参宿增三十六 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 60000 -7.205 2900 4.618 33400 SIMBAD [110][111]
参宿六 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 57000 -7.147 650 2.09 26500 SIMBAD [95][22]
天津增二十八 (位于天鹅座OB4) 52000 -7.06 3260 4.233 10800 SIMBAD [112][113]
卷舌四 (位于英仙座OB2) 47000 -6.941 750 2.86 20800 SIMBAD [95][22]
屎 (来自猎户四边形星团的速逃星) 46000 -6.91 1300 5.18 33000 SIMBAD [114][22]
参宿增一 Aa (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 41700 -6.81 1260 4.07 35000 SIMBAD [115][116]
房宿三 A (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的上天蝎次集团) 38000 -6.71 440 2.307 27400 SIMBAD [117][118]
卷舌二 A (位于英仙座α星团) 28300 -6.391 640 2.88 26500 SIMBAD [95][119]
南船三 A (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的IC 2602) 25700 -6.284 460 2.76 31000 SIMBAD [95][120]
军市一 (位于本地泡) 25000 -6.26 490 1.985 23200 SIMBAD [121][122]
参宿增一 Ab (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 18600 -5.934 1260 4.07 29000 SIMBAD [115][116]
参宿增一 B (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 15800 -5.757 1260 4.07 31000 SIMBAD [115][116]
伐二 B (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 12300 -5.485 1500 6.38 29300 SIMBAD [123]
伐三 Aa2 (位于猎户座分子云团内的NGC 1980) 8630 -5.1 1340 2.77 27000 SIMBAD [108][109]
毕宿八 A (位于双鱼-波江座星流) 5800 -4.669 480 3.47 18700 SIMBAD [95][124]
心宿增四 A (位于蛇夫座ρ星云复合体) 4000 -4.285 360 4.63 22000 SIMBAD [125][22]
天船五 (位于英仙座α星团) 2860 -3.901 520 3.01 14900 SIMBAD [126][120]
心宿二 B (位于环泡1) 2820 -3.885 550 5.5 18500 SIMBAD [127][104]
孔雀十一 (位于杜鹃-时钟座星协) 2150 -3.593 180 1.94 17700 SIMBAD [128][109]
昴宿六 A (位于昴宿星团) 1820 -3.409 440 2.87 12300 SIMBAD [129][22]
天船四 (位于英仙座α星团) 775 -2.483 580 4.31 16000 SIMBAD [126][22]
天狼增四 (位于科林德121) 715 -2.397 440 4.1 13600 SIMBAD [126][130]
盖屋一 (位于双鱼-波江座星流) 340 -1.589 440 4.71 13500 SIMBAD [126][131]
天园三 (位于杜鹃-时钟座星协) 255 -1.276 150 3.55 13700 SIMBAD [132][133]
天庾一 (位于双鱼-波江座星流) 245 -1.233 370 4.69 13400 SIMBAD [134][22]
小斗二 (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的蝘蜓座ε移动星群) 100 -0.26 360 4.91 10900 SIMBAD [135][120]
小斗七 (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的蝘蜓座η移动星群) 95 -0.204 310 5.453 12500 SIMBAD [126][41]
蛇腹二 (位于杜鹃-时钟座星协) 60 0.295 150 4.12 11000 SIMBAD [136][126]
羽林军二十五 (位于双鱼-波江座星流) 50 0.429 320 5.66 10600 SIMBAD [126][137]
鸟喙四 A (位于杜鹃-时钟座星协) 40 0.735 140 4.37 10600 SIMBAD [138][104]
太阳 (位于太阳系) 1 4.739996 0.0000158 -26.744 5772 IAU [139][140][141]

要注意的是即使是最明亮的恒星（比太阳明亮四千万倍）仍然不如像是类星体，目前已经发现了数百个，这种银河系外的天体明亮。现在所知最亮的类星体是在室女座的3C 273，它的平均视星等是12.8等（使用望远镜才能看见），但是绝对星等是-26.7等。如果它在距离地球10秒差距的位置上，看起来将如同太阳（视星等-26.8）一般的明亮，因此类星体的发光度是太阳的2兆（1012）倍，或是像我们银河系这样的巨型星系总亮度的100倍。然而也发现类星体的光度在不同的时间周期内也不一样。

根据伽马射线的观察，一颗被称为SGR 1806-20的磁星（中子星的一种类型），曾经在2004年12月27日将极端强烈的爆发传达到地球。它是来自太阳系外对我们的行星造成最明亮的冲击事件。如果伽马射线能够看见，它的光度将达到−29，会比我们的太阳还要明亮（如同雨燕卫星所观测到的）。

在1998年侦测到的伽马射线暴GRB 971214在当时被认为是宇宙间最巨大的能量事件，等同于数百颗超新星释出的能量。稍后的研究指出因为几何的关系射向地球的能量或许相当于一颗超新星将环绕在周围气体的总能量集成光束射向地球。

参见

[编辑]

参考资料

[编辑]
  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, Saida M.; Schneider, Fabian R. N.; Simón-Díaz, Sergio; Brands, Sarah A.; De Koter, Alex; Gräfener, Götz; Herrero, Artemio; Langer, Norbert; Lennon, Daniel J.; Maíz Apellániz, Jesus; Puls, Joachim; Vink, Jorick S. The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. II. Physical properties of the most massive stars in R136. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020, 499 (2): 1918. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.499.1918B. S2CID 221640940. arXiv:2009.05136 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2801. 
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.50 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56 2.57 2.58 2.59 2.60 Doran, E. I.; Crowther, P. A.; de Koter, A.; Evans, C. J.; McEvoy, C.; Walborn, N. R.; Bastian, N.; Bestenlehner, J. M.; Gräfener, G.; Herrero, A.; Köhler, K.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Najarro, F.; Puls, J.; Sana, H.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Taylor, W. D.; van Loon, J. Th.; Vink, J. S. The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey. XI. A census of the hot luminous stars and their feedback in 30 Doradus. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2013, 558 (134): 30. Bibcode:2013A&A...558A.134D. S2CID 118510909. arXiv:1308.3412 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321824. 
  3. ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 Hainich, R.; Rühling, U.; Todt, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Liermann, A.; Gräfener, G.; Foellmi, C.; Schnurr, O.; Hamann, W. -R. The Wolf-Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2014, 565: A27. Bibcode:2014A&A...565A..27H. S2CID 55123954. arXiv:1401.5474 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322696. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Mauerhan, J. C.; Cotera, A.; Dong, H.; Morris, M. R.; Wang, Q. D.; Stolovy, S. R.; Lang, C. Isolated Wolf-Rayet Stars and O Supergiants in the Galactic Center Region Identified Via Paschen-α Excess. The Astrophysical Journal. 2010, 725 (1): 188–199. Bibcode:2010ApJ...725..188M. S2CID 20968628. arXiv:1009.2769 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/188. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Dong, H.; Wang, Q. D.; Cotera, A.; Stolovy, S.; Morris, M. R.; Mauerhan, J.; Mills, E. A.; Schneider, G.; Calzetti, D.; Lang, C. Hubble Space Telescope Paschen α survey of the Galactic Centre: data reduction and products: HST/NICMOS Paschen α survey of the GC. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2011-10-11, 417 (1): 114–135 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.417..114D. S2CID 11060463. arXiv:1105.1703 可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19013.x. （原始内容存档于2017-07-07）. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Kourniotis, M; Kraus, M; Arias, M L; Cidale, L; Torres, A F. On the evolutionary state of massive stars in transition phases in M33. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2018-11-01, 480 (3): 3706–3717 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.3706K. ISSN 0035-8711. arXiv:1808.00008 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2087. （原始内容存档于2022-02-14）. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Massey, Philip; Olsen, K. A. G.; Hodge, Paul W.; Strong, Shay B.; Jacoby, George H.; Schlingman, Wayne; Smith, R. C. A Survey of Local Group Galaxies Currently Forming Stars. I. UBVRI Photometry of Stars in M31 and M33. The Astronomical Journal. 2006, 131 (5): 2478–2496 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2006AJ....131.2478M. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 118865956. arXiv:astro-ph/0602128 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/503256. （原始内容存档于2020-06-10）. 
  8. ^ Mehner, A.; De Wit, W.-J.; Asmus, D.; Morris, P. W.; Agliozzo, C.; Barlow, M. J.; Gull, T. R.; Hillier, D. J.; Weigelt, G. Mid-infrared evolution of η Carinae from 1968 to 2018. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2019, 630: L6. Bibcode:2019A&A...630L...6M. S2CID 202149820. arXiv:1908.09154 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936277. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Hamaguchi, Kenji; Corcoran, Michael F; Pittard, Julian M; Sharma, Neetika; Takahashi, Hiromitsu; Russell, Christopher M. P; Grefenstette, Brian W; Wik, Daniel R; Gull, Theodore R; Richardson, Noel D; Madura, Thomas I; Moffat, Anthony F. J. Non-thermal X-rays from colliding wind shock acceleration in the massive binary Eta Carinae. Nature Astronomy. 2018, 2 (9): 731–736 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2018NatAs.tmp...87H. S2CID 126188024. arXiv:1904.09219 可免费查阅. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0505-1. （原始内容存档于2020-02-23）. 
  10. ^ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 Massey, Philip; Waterhouse, Elizabeth; DeGioia-Eastwood, Kathleen. The Progenitor Masses of Wolf-Rayet Stars and Luminous Blue Variables Determined from Cluster Turnoffs. I. Results from 19 OB Associations in the Magellanic Clouds. The Astronomical Journal. May 2000, 119 (5): 2214–2241 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2000AJ....119.2214M. S2CID 16891188. arXiv:astro-ph/0002233 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/301345. （原始内容存档于2020-10-30）. 
  11. ^ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 Zacharias, N.; Finch, C. T.; Girard, T. M.; Henden, A.; Bartlett, J. L.; et al. VizieR On-line Data Catalog: UCAC4 Catalogue. VizieR On-line Data Catalog: I/322A. July 2012, 1322. Bibcode:2012yCat.1322....0Z. 
  12. ^ Mauerhan, J. C.; Morris, M. R.; Cotera, A.; Dong, H.; Wang, Q. D.; Stolovy, S. R.; Lang, C.; Glass, I. S. Discovery of a Luminous Blue Variable with an Ejection Nebula Near the Quintuplet Cluster. The Astrophysical Journal. 2010, 713 (1): L33–L36. Bibcode:2010ApJ...713L..33M. S2CID 42696538. arXiv:1002.3379 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/713/1/L33. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 Cutri, R. M.; Skrutskie, M. F.; Van Dyk, S.; Beichman, C. A.; Carpenter, J. M.; Chester, T.; Cambresy, L.; Evans, T.; Fowler, J.; Gizis, J.; Howard, E.; Huchra, J.; Jarrett, T.; Kopan, E. L.; Kirkpatrick, J. D.; Light, R. M.; Marsh, K. A.; McCallon, H.; Schneider, S.; Stiening, R.; Sykes, M.; Weinberg, M.; Wheaton, W. A.; Wheelock, S.; Zacarias, N. VizieR Online Data Catalog: 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003). VizieR On-line Data Catalog. 2003. Bibcode:2003yCat.2246....0C. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Schneider, F. R. N.; Sana, H.; Evans, C. J.; Bestenlehner, J. M.; Castro, N.; Fossati, L.; Gräfener, G.; Langer, N.; Ramírez-Agudelo, O. H.; Sabín-Sanjulián, C.; Simón-Díaz, S.; Tramper, F.; Crowther, P. A.; de Koter, A.; de Mink, S. E.; Dufton, P. L.; Garcia, M.; Gieles, M.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Herrero, A.; Izzard, R. G.; Kalari, V.; Lennon, D. J.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Markova, N.; Najarro, F.; Podsiadlowski, Ph.; Puls, J.; Taylor, W. D.; van Loon, J. Th.; Vink, J. S.; Norman, C. An excess of massive stars in the local 30 Doradus starburst. Science. 2018, 359 (6371): 69–71. Bibcode:2018Sci...359...69S. PMID 29302009. S2CID 206658504. arXiv:1801.03107 可免费查阅. doi:10.1126/science.aan0106. 
  15. ^ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 15.19 15.20 Bestenlehner, J. M.; Gräfener, G.; Vink, J. S.; Najarro, F.; De Koter, A.; Sana, H.; Evans, C. J.; Crowther, P. A.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Herrero, A.; Langer, N.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Simón-Díaz, S.; Taylor, W. D.; Walborn, N. R. The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey. XVII. Physical and wind properties of massive stars at the top of the main sequence. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2014, 570: A38. Bibcode:2014A&A...570A..38B. S2CID 118606369. arXiv:1407.1837 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423643. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Hanson, M. M.; Kurtev, R.; Borissova, J.; Georgiev, L.; Ivanov, V. D.; Hillier, D. J.; Minniti, D. Obscured clusters: III. Follow-up observations of Mercer 23. Astronomy and Astrophysics. June 2010, 516: A35. Bibcode:2010A&A...516A..35H. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 53705451. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913122 可免费查阅. 
  17. ^ Lau, R. M.; Herter, T. L.; Morris, M. R.; Adams, J. D. Nature Versus Nurture: Luminous Blue Variable Nebulae in and Near Massive Stellar Clusters at the Galactic Center. The Astrophysical Journal. 2014, 785 (2): 120. Bibcode:2014ApJ...785..120L. S2CID 118447462. arXiv:1403.5298 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/785/2/120. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Clark, J. S.; Lohr, M. E.; Patrick, L. R.; Najarro, F.; Dong, H.; Figer, D. F. An updated stellar census of the Quintuplet cluster. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2018, 618: A2. Bibcode:2018A&A...618A...2C. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 53501337. arXiv:1805.10139 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833041. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 de la Fuente, D.; Najarro, F.; Borissova, J.; Ramírez Alegría, S.; Hanson, M. M.; Trombley, C.; Figer, D. F.; Davies, B.; Garcia, M.; Kurtev, R.; Urbaneja, M. A.; Smith, L. C.; Lucas, P. W.; Herrero, A. Probing the Dragonfish star-forming complex: the ionizing population of the young massive cluster Mercer 30. Astronomy & Astrophysics. May 2016, 589: A69. Bibcode:2016A&A...589A..69D. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119096455. arXiv:1602.02503 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201528004. 
  20. ^ Roman-Lopes, A. A Galactic O2 If*/WN6 star possibly ejected from its birthplace in NGC 3603. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters. 2012, 427 (1): L65–L69. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.427L..65R. S2CID 118453639. arXiv:1209.1598 可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2012.01346.x. 
  21. ^ Barniske, A.; Oskinova, L. M.; Hamann, W. -R. Two extremely luminous WN stars in the Galactic center with circumstellar emission from dust and gas. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2008, 486 (3): 971. Bibcode:2008A&A...486..971B. S2CID 8074261. arXiv:0807.2476 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809568. 
  22. ^ 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 22.10 22.11 22.12 22.13 22.14 22.15 22.16 22.17 22.18 22.19 22.20 22.21 22.22 22.23 22.24 22.25 22.26 22.27 22.28 22.29 22.30 22.31 22.32 22.33 22.34 22.35 Ducati, J. R. VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system. CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 2002, 2237: 0. Bibcode:2002yCat.2237....0D. 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Sholukhova, O.; Bizyaev, D.; Fabrika, S.; Sarkisyan, A.; Malanushenko, V.; Valeev, A. New Luminous Blue Variables in the Andromeda galaxy. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2014, 447 (3): 2459–2467. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.447.2459S. S2CID 118374186. arXiv:1412.5319 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2597. 
  24. ^ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 24.14 24.15 24.16 Sota, A.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Morrell, N. I.; Barbá, R. H.; Walborn, N. R.; Gamen, R. C.; Arias, J. I.; Alfaro, E. J.; Oskinova, L. M. The Galactic WN stars revisited. Impact of Gaia distances on fundamental stellar parameters. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2019, A57: 625. Bibcode:2019A&A...625A..57H. S2CID 104292503. arXiv:1904.04687 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834850. 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013). VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S. 2009, 1. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S. 
  26. ^ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 26.11 26.12 26.13 Mauerhan, J. C.; Muno, M. P.; Morris, M. R.; Stolovy, S. R.; Cotera, A. Near-infrared Counterparts to Chandra X-ray Sources Toward the Galactic Center. II. Discovery of Wolf-Rayet Stars and O Supergiants. The Astrophysical Journal. 10 February 2010, 710 (1): 706–728 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2010ApJ...710..706M. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 32339182. arXiv:0912.1055 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/710/1/706. （原始内容存档于2021-04-10）. 
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Crowther, P. A.; Schnurr, O.; Hirschi, R.; Yusof, N.; Parker, R. J.; Goodwin, S. P.; Kassim, H. A. The R136 star cluster hosts several stars whose individual masses greatly exceed the accepted 150 M⊙ stellar mass limit. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2010, 408 (2): 731–751. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.408..731C. S2CID 53001712. arXiv:1007.3284 可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17167.x. 
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 28.8 Melena, Nicholas W.; Massey, Philip; Morrell, Nidia I.; Zangari, Amanda M. The Massive Star Content of NGC 3603. The Astronomical Journal. 2008, 135 (3): 878–891. Bibcode:2008AJ....135..878M. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 16765414. arXiv:0712.2621 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/3/878. 
  29. ^ 29.0 29.1 Tehrani, Katie A.; Crowther, Paul A.; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Littlefair, Stuart P.; Pollock, A M T.; Parker, Richard J.; Schnurr, Olivier. Weighing Melnick 34: The most massive binary system known. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2019, 484 (2): 2692–2710. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.484.2692T. S2CID 119069481. arXiv:1901.04769 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz147. 
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 Liermann, A.; Hamann, W. -R.; Oskinova, L. M.; Todt, H.; Butler, K. The Quintuplet cluster. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2010, 524: A82. Bibcode:2010A&A...524A..82L. S2CID 30091594. arXiv:1011.5796 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912612. 
  31. ^ 31.0 31.1 Schild, H.; Testor, G. Spectral types and UBV magnitudes of stars in the 30 Doradus complex.. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. March 1992, 92: 729–748. Bibcode:1992A&AS...92..729S. S2CID 115371295. 
  32. ^ Humphreys, Roberta M.; Weis, Kerstin; Davidson, Kris; Bomans, D. J.; Burggraf, Birgitta. LUMINOUS AND VARIABLE STARS IN M31 AND M33. II. LUMINOUS BLUE VARIABLES, CANDIDATE LBVs, Fe II EMISSION LINE STARS, AND OTHER SUPERGIANTS. The Astrophysical Journal. 2014-07-02, 790 (1): 48 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2014ApJ...790...48H. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 119177378. arXiv:1407.2259 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/790/1/48. （原始内容存档于2021-08-24）. 
  33. ^ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 Bonanos, A. Z.; Massa, D. L.; Sewilo, M.; Lennon, D. J.; Panagia, N.; Smith, L. J.; Meixner, M.; Babler, B. L.; Bracker, S.; Meade, M. R.; Gordon, K. D. Spitzersage Infrared Photometry of Massive Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The Astronomical Journal. 2009-10-01, 138 (4): 1003–1021 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2009AJ....138.1003B. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 14056495. arXiv:0905.1328 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/4/1003. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）. 
  34. ^ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 Massey, P.; Degioia-Eastwood, K.; Waterhouse, E. The Progenitor Masses of Wolf-Rayet Stars and Luminous Blue Variables Determined from Cluster Turnoffs. II. Results from 12 Galactic Clusters and OB Associations. The Astronomical Journal. 2001, 121 (2): 1050–1070. Bibcode:2001AJ....121.1050M. S2CID 53345173. arXiv:astro-ph/0010654 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/318769. 
  35. ^ Chené, A.-N.; Ramírez Alegría, S.; Borissova, J.; O’Leary, E.; Martins, F.; Hervé, A.; Kuhn, M.; Kurtev, R.; Consuelo Amigo Fuentes, P.; Bonatto, C.; Minniti, D. Massive open star clusters using the VVV survey: IV. WR 62-2, a new very massive star in the core of the VVV CL041 cluster. Astronomy & Astrophysics. December 2015, 584: A31. Bibcode:2015A&A...584A..31C. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 118707197. arXiv:1510.02539 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525958. 
  36. ^ Messineo, Maria; Davies, Ben; Figer, Donald F.; Kudritzki, R. P.; Valenti, Elena; Trombley, Christine; Najarro, F.; Michael Rich, R. Massive Stars in the Cl 1813-178 Cluster: An Episode Of Massive Star Formation in the W33 Complex. The Astrophysical Journal. 20 May 2011, 733 (1): 41 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2011ApJ...733...41M. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 118576212. arXiv:1103.4975 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/733/1/41. （原始内容存档于2021-04-10）. 
  37. ^ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Martins, F.; Chené, A.-N.; Bouret, J.-C.; Borissova, J.; Groh, J.; Ramírez Alegría, S.; Minniti, D. Massive stars in the young cluster VVV CL074. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2019, 627: A170. Bibcode:2019A&A...627A.170M. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 195798873. arXiv:1907.02357 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935605. 
  38. ^ 38.00 38.01 38.02 38.03 38.04 38.05 38.06 38.07 38.08 38.09 38.10 38.11 Martins, F.; Hillier, D. J.; Paumard, T.; Eisenhauer, F.; Ott, T.; Genzel, R. The most massive stars in the Arches cluster. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2008, 478 (1): 219–233. Bibcode:2008A&A...478..219M. S2CID 7509876. arXiv:0711.0657 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078469. 
  39. ^ 39.00 39.01 39.02 39.03 39.04 39.05 39.06 39.07 39.08 39.09 39.10 39.11 Figer, Donald F.; Najarro, Francisco; Gilmore, Diane; Morris, Mark; Kim, Sungsoo S.; Serabyn, Eugene; McLean, Ian S.; Gilbert, Andrea M.; Graham, James R.; Larkin, James E.; Levenson, N. A. Massive Stars in the Arches Cluster. The Astrophysical Journal. 2002-12-10, 581 (1): 258–275. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581..258F. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 119002004. arXiv:astro-ph/0208145 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/344154. 
  40. ^ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 Shenar, T.; Hainich, R.; Todt, H.; Sander, A.; Hamann, W.-R.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Eldridge, J. J.; Pablo, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Richardson, N. D. Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud: II. Analysis of the binaries. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2016, 1604: A22. Bibcode:2016A&A...591A..22S. S2CID 119255408. arXiv:1604.01022 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527916. 
  41. ^ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 Høg, E.; Fabricius, C.; Makarov, V. V.; Urban, S.; Corbin, T.; Wycoff, G.; Bastian, U.; Schwekendiek, P.; Wicenec, A. The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2000, 355: L27. Bibcode:2000A&A...355L..27H. ISBN 0333750888. doi:10.1888/0333750888/2862. 
  42. ^ 42.0 42.1 Shenar, T.; et al. The Tarantula Massive Binary Monitoring project: II. A first SB2 orbital and spectroscopic analysis for the Wolf-Rayet binary R145. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2016, 598: A85. Bibcode:2017A&A...598A..85S. S2CID 118546102. arXiv:1610.07614 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629621. 
  43. ^ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Szeifert, T.; Humphreys, R. M.; Davidson, K.; Jones, T. J.; Stahl, O.; Wolf, B.; Zickgraf, F.-J. HST and groundbased observations of the 'Hubble-Sandage' variables in M 31 and M 33. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1996, 314: 131–145. Bibcode:1996A&A...314..131S. 
  44. ^ Massey, Philip; Neugent, Kathryn F.; Smart, Brianna M. A Spectroscopic Survey of Massive Stars in M31 and M33. The Astronomical Journal. 2016-08-19, 152 (3): 62. Bibcode:2016AJ....152...62M. ISSN 1538-3881. S2CID 35672588. arXiv:1604.00112 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/62. 
  45. ^ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 Walborn, N. R.; Morrell, N. I.; Howarth, I. D.; Crowther, P. A.; Lennon, D. J.; Massey, P.; Arias, J. I. A CNO Dichotomy among O2 Giant Spectra in the Magellanic Clouds. The Astrophysical Journal. 2004, 608 (2): 1028–1038. Bibcode:2004ApJ...608.1028W. S2CID 16656083. arXiv:astro-ph/0403557 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/420761. 
  46. ^ Zaritsky, Dennis; Harris, Jason; Thompson, Ian B.; Grebel, Eva K. The Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey: The Large Magellanic Cloud Stellar Catalog and Extinction Map. The Astronomical Journal. October 2004, 128 (4): 1606–1614 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2004AJ....128.1606Z. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 119532934. arXiv:astro-ph/0407006 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/423910. （原始内容存档于2021-06-08）. 
  47. ^ Clark, J. S.; Crowther, P. A.; Larionov, V. M.; Steele, I. A.; Ritchie, B. W.; Arkharov, A. A. Bolometric luminosity variations in the luminous blue variable AFGL2298. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2009, 507 (3): 1555–1565. Bibcode:2009A&A...507.1555C. S2CID 119187994. arXiv:0909.4160 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912358. 
  48. ^ Abdalla, H.; Abramowski, A.; Aharonian, F.; Ait Benkhali, F.; Akhperjanian, A. G.; Angüner, E. O.; Arrieta, M.; Aubert, P.; Backes, M.; Balzer, A.; Barnard, M.; Becherini, Y.; Becker Tjus, J.; Berge, D.; Bernhard, S.; Bernlöhr, K.; Birsin, E.; Blackwell, R.; Böttcher, M.; Boisson, C.; Bolmont, J.; Bordas, P.; Bregeon, J.; Brun, F.; Brun, P.; Bryan, M.; Bulik, T.; Capasso, M.; Carr, J.; et al. Extended VHE γ-ray emission towards SGR1806−20, LBV 1806−20, and stellar cluster Cl* 1806−20. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2018, 612: A11. Bibcode:2018A&A...612A..11H. S2CID 118345803. arXiv:1606.05404 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628695. 
  49. ^ Davies, Ben; de la Fuente, Diego; Najarro, Francisco; Hinton, Jim A.; Trombley, Christine; Figer, Donald F.; Puga, Elena. A newly discovered young massive star cluster at the far end of the Galactic Bar: A young cluster at the far end of the Bar. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 21 January 2012, 419 (3): 1860–1870. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.419.1860D. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 59405479. arXiv:1111.2630 可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19840.x. 
  50. ^ Niemela, Virpi S.; Shara, Michael M.; Wallace, Debra J.; Zurek, David R.; Moffat, Anthony F. J. Hubble Space Telescope Detection of Optical Companions of WR 86, WR 146, and WR 147: Wind Collision Model Confirmed. The Astronomical Journal. 1998, 115 (5): 2047–2052 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:1998AJ....115.2047N. doi:10.1086/300320. （原始内容存档于2020-05-29）. 
  51. ^ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Borissova, J.; Georgiev, L.; Hanson, M. M.; Clarke, J. R. A.; Kurtev, R.; Ivanov, V. D.; Penaloza, F.; Hillier, D. J.; Zsargó, J. Obscured clusters: IV. The most massive stars in [DBS2003] 179. Astronomy & Astrophysics. October 2012, 546: A110. Bibcode:2012A&A...546A.110B. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119303823. arXiv:1209.6370 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118348. 
  52. ^ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Borissova, J.; Ivanov, V. D.; Hanson, M. M.; Georgiev, L.; Minniti, D.; Kurtev, R.; Geisler, D. The young Galactic star cluster [DBS2003] 179. Astronomy & Astrophysics. September 2008, 488 (1): 151–159. Bibcode:2008A&A...488..151B. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 14942349. arXiv:0806.4584 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20079255. 
  53. ^ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 53.5 Bonanos, A. Z.; Lennon, D. J.; Köhlinger, F.; van Loon, J. Th.; Massa, D. L.; Sewilo, M.; Evans, C. J.; Panagia, N.; Babler, B. L.; Block, M.; Bracker, S. Spitzersage-SMC Infrared Photometry of Massive Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud. The Astronomical Journal. 2010-08-01, 140 (2): 416–429 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2010AJ....140..416B. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 119290443. arXiv:1004.0949 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/2/416. （原始内容存档于2021-06-06）. 
  54. ^ Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, S. M.; Bostroem, K. A.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Walborn, N. R.; Angus, C. R.; Brott, I.; Bonanos, A.; De Koter, A.; De Mink, S. E.; Evans, C. J.; Gräfener, G.; Herrero, A.; Howarth, I. D.; Langer, N.; Lennon, D. J.; Puls, J.; Sana, H.; Vink, J. S. The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. I. Far-ultraviolet spectroscopic census and the origin of He II λ1640 in young star clusters. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2016, 458 (1): 624–659. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.458..624C. arXiv:1603.04994 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw273. 
  55. ^ Van Genderen, A. M. S Doradus variables in the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2001, 366 (2): 508–531. Bibcode:2001A&A...366..508V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000022 可免费查阅. Vizie database entry （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  56. ^ Egan, Michael P.; et al. An Infrared Ring Nebula around MSX5C G358.5391+00.1305: The True Nature of Suspected Planetary Nebula Wray 17-96 Determined via Direct Imaging and Spectroscopy. The Astrophysical Journal. 2002, 572 (1): 288–299. Bibcode:2002ApJ...572..288E. doi:10.1086/340222 可免费查阅. 
  57. ^ Tramper, F.; Sana, H.; Fitzsimons, N. E.; De Koter, A.; Kaper, L.; Mahy, L.; Moffat, A. The mass of the very massive binary WR21a. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2016, 455 (2): 1275–1281. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.455.1275T. S2CID 44364798. arXiv:1510.03609 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2373. 
  58. ^ Najarro, F.; Figer, D. F.; Hillier, D. J.; Geballe, T. R.; Kudritzki, R. P. Metallicity in the Galactic Center: The Quintuplet Cluster. The Astrophysical Journal. 2009, 691 (2): 1816–1827. Bibcode:2009ApJ...691.1816N. S2CID 15473563. arXiv:0809.3185 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/691/2/1816. 
  59. ^ Oskinova, L. M.; Huenemoerder, D. P.; Hamann, W. -R.; Shenar, T.; Sander, A. A. C.; Ignace, R.; Todt, H.; Hainich, R. On the Binary Nature of Massive Blue Hypergiants: High-resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy Suggests That Cyg OB2 12 is a Colliding Wind Binary. The Astrophysical Journal. 2017, 845 (1): 39. Bibcode:2017ApJ...845...39O. S2CID 119537489. arXiv:1707.04473 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7e79. 
  60. ^ 60.0 60.1 Laur, Jaan; Kolka, Indrek; Eenmäe, Tõnis; Tuvikene, Taavi; Leedjärv, Laurits. Variability survey of brightest stars in selected OB associations. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2017, 598: A108. Bibcode:2017A&A...598A.108L. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119076598. arXiv:1611.02452 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629395. 
  61. ^ 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 Moffat, A. F. J. On the distance and reddening of the massive H II region NGC 3603. Astronomy and Astrophysics. October 1974, 35: 315. Bibcode:1974A&A....35..315M. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 115549707. 
  62. ^ Williams, Peredur. Results from the 2009 campaign on WR 140. Société Royale des Sciences de Liège. 2011, 80: 595–609. Bibcode:2011BSRSL..80..595W. 
  63. ^ 63.0 63.1 Reed, B. Cameron. Catalog of Galactic OB Stars. The Astronomical Journal. 2003, 125 (5): 2531–2533 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2003AJ....125.2531R. ISSN 0004-6256. doi:10.1086/374771. （原始内容存档于2021-05-16）. 
  64. ^ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Humphreys, Roberta M.; Davidson, Kris; Hahn, David; Martin, John C.; Weis, Kerstin. Luminous and Variable Stars in M31 and M33 V. The Upper HR Diagram. The Astrophysical Journal. 2017-07-06, 844 (1): 40. Bibcode:2017ApJ...844...40H. S2CID 119357524. arXiv:1707.01916 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7cef. 
  65. ^ Evans, C. J.; Lennon, D. J.; Smartt, S. J.; Trundle, C. The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: observations centered on the Magellanic Cloud clusters NGC 330, NGC 346, NGC 2004, and the N11 region. Astronomy & Astrophysics. September 2006, 456 (2): 623–638. Bibcode:2006A&A...456..623E. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 13160849. arXiv:astro-ph/0606405 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20064988. 
  66. ^ Smith, Nathan. A census of the Carina Nebula - I. Cumulative energy input from massive stars. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2006, 367 (2): 763–772. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.367..763S. S2CID 14060690. arXiv:astro-ph/0601060 可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10007.x. 
  67. ^ Massey, Philip. A UBVR CCD Survey of the Magellanic Clouds. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. July 2002, 141 (1): 81–122 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2002ApJS..141...81M. ISSN 0067-0049. S2CID 119447348. arXiv:astro-ph/0110531 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/338286. （原始内容存档于2021-07-11）. 
  68. ^ Massey, Philip; Olsen, K. A. G.; Hodge, Paul W.; Jacoby, George H.; McNeill, Reagin T.; Smith, R. C.; Strong, Shay B. A Survey of Local Group Galaxies Currently Forming Stars. II. UBVRI Photometry of Stars in Seven Dwarfs and a Comparison of the Entire Sample. The Astronomical Journal. 2007, 133 (5): 2393–2417. Bibcode:2007AJ....133.2393M. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 119456878. arXiv:astro-ph/0702236 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/513319. 
  69. ^ Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. Proceedings of IAU Colloquium 155, Astrophysical applications of stellar pulsation. Astrophysical Applications of Stellar Pulsation. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series 83 (Cape Town, South Africa: Astronomical Society of the Pacific). February 6–10, 1995: 176–191. Bibcode:1995ASPC...83..176L.  参数|journal=与模板{{cite conference}}不匹配（建议改用{{cite journal}}或|book-title=） (帮助); |contribution=被忽略 (帮助)
  70. ^ Kastner, J. H.; Buchanan, C. L.; Sargent, B.; Forrest, W. J. SpitzerSpectroscopy of Dusty Disks around B\e] Hypergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The Astrophysical Journal. 2006, 638 (1): L29–L32. Bibcode:2006ApJ...638L..29K. doi:10.1086/500804 可免费查阅. 
  71. ^ Aerts, C.; Lefever, K.; Baglin, A.; Degroote, P.; Oreiro, R.; Vučković, M.; Smolders, K.; Acke, B.; Verhoelst, T.; Desmet, M.; Godart, M.; Noels, A.; Dupret, M.-A.; Auvergne, M.; Baudin, F.; Catala, C.; Michel, E.; Samadi, R. Periodic mass-loss episodes due to an oscillation mode with variable amplitude in the hot supergiant HD 50064. Astronomy and Astrophysics. April 2010, 513: L11. Bibcode:2010A&A...513L..11A. S2CID 41541073. arXiv:1003.5551 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014124. 
  72. ^ Taylor, W. D.; Evans, C. J.; Sana, H.; Walborn, N. R.; De Mink, S. E.; Stroud, V. E.; Alvarez-Candal, A.; Barbá, R. H.; Bestenlehner, J. M.; Bonanos, A. Z.; Brott, I.; Crowther, P. A.; De Koter, A.; Friedrich, K.; Gräfener, G.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Herrero, A.; Kaper, L.; Langer, N.; Lennon, D. J.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Markova, N.; Morrell, N.; Monaco, L.; Vink, J. S. The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey II: R139 revealed as a massive binary system. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2011, 530: L10. Bibcode:2011A&A...530L..10T. S2CID 119214376. arXiv:1103.5387 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116785. 
  73. ^ Ulaczyk, K.; Szymański, M. K.; Udalski, A.; Kubiak, M.; Pietrzyński, G.; Soszyński, I.; Wyrzykowski, Ł.; Poleski, R.; Gieren, W.; Walker, A. R.; Garcia-Varela, A. Variable Stars from the OGLE-III Shallow Survey in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Acta Astronomica. 1 June 2013, 63 (2): 159–179 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2013AcA....63..159U. ISSN 0001-5237. S2CID 119228254. arXiv:1306.4802 可免费查阅. （原始内容存档于2022-03-07）. 
  74. ^ 74.0 74.1 Hainich, R.; Pasemann, D.; Todt, H.; Shenar, T.; Sander, A.; Hamann, W. -R. Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud. I. Analysis of the single WN stars. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2015, 581 (21): 30. Bibcode:2015A&A...581A..21H. S2CID 56230998. arXiv:1507.04000 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526241. 
  75. ^ Rivero González, J. G.; Puls, J.; Najarro, F.; Brott, I. Nitrogen line spectroscopy of O-stars. II. Surface nitrogen abundances for O-stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2012, 537: A79. Bibcode:2012A&A...537A..79R. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119110554. arXiv:1110.5148 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117790. 
  76. ^ Thompson, Todd A.; Prieto, José L.; Stanek, K. Z.; Kistler, Matthew D.; Beacom, John F.; Kochanek, Christopher S. A New Class of Luminous Transients and a First Census of Their Massive Stellar Progenitors. The Astrophysical Journal. 2009-11-10, 705 (2): 1364–1384. Bibcode:2009ApJ...705.1364T. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 17581579. arXiv:0809.0510 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/705/2/1364. hdl:1811/48176. 
  77. ^ Sander, A. A. C.; Hamann, W.-R.; Todt, H.; Hainich, R.; Shenar, T.; Ramachandran, V.; Oskinova, L. M. The Galactic WC and WO stars. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2019, 621: A92. Bibcode:2019A&A...621A..92S. S2CID 67754788. arXiv:1807.04293 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833712. 
  78. ^ 78.0 78.1 Rauw; et al. The spectrum of the very massive binary system WR 20a (WN6ha + WN6ha): Fundamental parameters and wind interactions (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 4 March 2005, 432 (3): 985–998 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2005A&A...432..985R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042136 可免费查阅. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-08-03）. 
  79. ^ 79.0 79.1 Peeples, Molly S.; Bonanos, A. Z.; DePoy, D. L.; Stanek, K. Z.; Pepper, J.; Pogge, Richard W.; Pinsonneault, M. H.; Sellgren, K. The Nature of the Variable Galactic Center Source GCIRS 16SW Revisited: A Massive Eclipsing Binary. The Astrophysical Journal. 2007-01-01, 654 (1): L61–L64 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2007ApJ...654L..61P. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 14242573. arXiv:astro-ph/0610212 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/510720. （原始内容存档于2021-01-21）. 
  80. ^ Morrell, N. I.; Barbá, R. H.; Niemela, V. S.; Corti, M. A.; Albacete Colombo, J. F.; Rauw, G.; Corcoran, M.; Morel, T.; Bertrand, J.-F.; Moffat, A. F. J.; St-Louis, N. Optical spectroscopy of X-Mega targets - II. The massive double-lined O-type binary HD 93205 (PDF). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2001, 326 (1): 85–94 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2001MNRAS.326...85M. S2CID 16221731. arXiv:astro-ph/0105014 可免费查阅. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04500.x. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-18）. 
  81. ^ 81.0 81.1 Neugent, Kathryn F.; Massey, Philip. The Wolf-Rayet Content of M33. The Astrophysical Journal. 2011-06-01, 733 (2): 123 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2011ApJ...733..123N. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 118507918. arXiv:1103.5549 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/733/2/123. （原始内容存档于2021-06-06）. 
  82. ^ Walborn, N. R.; Sana, H.; Simón-Díaz, S.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Taylor, W. D.; Evans, C. J.; Markova, N.; Lennon, D. J.; de Koter, A. The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey. XIV. The O-type stellar content of 30 Doradus. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2014, 564 (40): 35. Bibcode:2014A&A...564A..40W. S2CID 119302111. arXiv:1402.6969 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201323082. 
  83. ^ Rauw, G.; Vreux, J.-M.; Stevens, I. R.; Gosset, E.; Sana, H.; Jamar, C.; Mason, K. O. Phase-resolved X-ray and optical spectroscopy of the massive binary HD 93403. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2002, 388 (2): 552. Bibcode:2002A&A...388..552R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020523 可免费查阅. 
  84. ^ Crowther, P. A.; Hadfield, L. J.; Clark, J. S.; Negueruela, I.; Vacca, W. D. A census of the Wolf-Rayet content in Westerlund 1 from near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2006-11-01, 372 (3): 1407–1424. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.372.1407C. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 10505573. arXiv:astro-ph/0608356 可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10952.x. 
  85. ^ Clark, J. S.; Muno, M. P.; Negueruela, I.; Dougherty, S. M.; Crowther, P. A.; Goodwin, S. P.; de Grijs, R. Unveiling the X-ray point source population of the Young Massive Cluster Westerlund 1. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2008, 477 (1): 147–163. Bibcode:2008A&A...477..147C. ISSN 0004-6361. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077186 可免费查阅. 
  86. ^ 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 Repolust, T.; Puls, J.; Herrero, A. Stellar and wind parameters of Galactic O-stars. The influence of line-blocking/blanketing. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2004, 415: 349. Bibcode:2004A&A...415..349R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20034594 可免费查阅. 
  87. ^ Neugent, Kathryn F.; Massey, Philip; Morrell, Nidia. The Discovery of a Rare Wo-Type Wolf–Rayet Star in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The Astronomical Journal. 2012-12-01, 144 (6): 162 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2012AJ....144..162N. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 118628394. arXiv:1210.0062 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/144/6/162. （原始内容存档于2021-10-26）. 
  88. ^ Clark, J. S.; Najarro, F.; Negueruela, I.; Ritchie, B. W.; Urbaneja, M. A.; Howarth, I. D. On the nature of the galactic early-B hypergiants. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2012, 541: A145. Bibcode:2012A&A...541A.145C. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 11978733. arXiv:1202.3991 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117472. 
  89. ^ Kozok, J. R., Photometric observations of emission B-stars in the southern Milky Way, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, September 1985, 61: 387–405, Bibcode:1985A&AS...61..387K 
  90. ^ 90.0 90.1 Bouret, J. -C.; Hillier, D. J.; Lanz, T.; Fullerton, A. W. Properties of Galactic early-type O-supergiants: A combined FUV-UV and optical analysis. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2012, 544: A67. Bibcode:2012A&A...544A..67B. S2CID 119280104. arXiv:1205.3075v1 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118594. 
  91. ^ Rivet, J-P; Siciak, A.; de Almeida, E. S. G.; Vakili, F.; Domiciano de Souza, A.; Fouché, M.; Lai, O.; Vernet, D.; Kaiser, R.; Guerin, W. Intensity interferometry of P Cygni in the H α emission line: Towards distance calibration of LBV supergiant stars. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2020, 494: 218–227. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.494..218R. S2CID 204788654. arXiv:1910.08366 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa588. 
  92. ^ Skinner, Stephen L.; Zhekov, Svetozar A.; Güdel, Manuel; Schmutz, Werner; Sokal, Kimberly R. New X-Ray Detections of WNL Stars. The Astronomical Journal. 2012-05-01, 143 (5): 116 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2012AJ....143..116S. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 119281411. arXiv:1203.5098 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/143/5/116. （原始内容存档于2021-06-05）. 
  93. ^ 93.0 93.1 93.2 Searle, S. C.; Prinja, R. K.; Massa, D.; Ryans, R. Quantitative studies of the optical and UV spectra of Galactic early B supergiants. I. Fundamental parameters. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2008, 481 (3): 777–97. Bibcode:2008A&A...481..777S. S2CID 1552752. arXiv:0801.4289 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077125. 
  94. ^ Mehner, Andrea; Davidson, Kris; Ferland, Gary J.; Humphreys, Roberta M. High-excitation Emission Lines near Eta Carinae, and Its Likely Companion Star. The Astrophysical Journal. 2010, 710 (1): 729–742. Bibcode:2010ApJ...710..729M. S2CID 5032987. arXiv:0912.1067 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/710/1/729. 
  95. ^ 95.0 95.1 95.2 95.3 95.4 95.5 Hohle, M. M.; Neuhäuser, R.; Schutz, B. F., Masses and luminosities of O- and B-type stars and red supergiants, Astronomische Nachrichten, April 2010, 331 (4): 349, Bibcode:2010AN....331..349H, S2CID 111387483, arXiv:1003.2335 可免费查阅, doi:10.1002/asna.200911355 
  96. ^ 96.0 96.1 North, J. R.; Tuthill, P. G.; Tango, W. J.; Davis, J. γ2 Velorum: orbital solution and fundamental parameter determination with SUSI. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2007-05-01, 377 (1): 415–424 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2007MNRAS.377..415N. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 16425744. arXiv:astro-ph/0702375 可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11608.x. （原始内容存档于2022-02-02）. 
  97. ^ Hummel, C. A.; Rivinius, Th.; Nieva, M.-F.; Stahl, O.; van Belle, G.; Zavala, R. T. Dynamical mass of the O-type supergiant in ζ Orionis A. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2013, 554: A52. Bibcode:2013A&A...554A..52H. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 53645495. arXiv:1306.0330 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321434. 
  98. ^ Nugis, T.; Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. Mass-loss rates of Wolf-Rayet stars as a function of stellar parameters. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2000, 360: 227. Bibcode:2000A&A...360..227N. 
  99. ^ Crowther, P. A.; Lennon, D. J.; Walborn, N. R., Physical parameters and wind properties of galactic early B supergiants, Astronomy and Astrophysics, January 2006, 446 (1): 279–293, Bibcode:2006A&A...446..279C, S2CID 18815761, arXiv:astro-ph/0509436 可免费查阅, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053685 
  100. ^ Simón-Díaz, S.; Herrero, A.; Esteban, C.; Najarro, F. Detailed spectroscopic analysis of the Trapezium cluster stars inside the Orion nebula: Rotational velocities, stellar parameters, and oxygen abundances. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2006, 448 (1): 351–366. Bibcode:2006A&A...448..351S. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 16445304. arXiv:astro-ph/0510288 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053066. 
  101. ^ Shenar, T.; Oskinova, L.; Hamann, W.-R.; Corcoran, M. F.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Pablo, H.; Richardson, N. D.; Waldron, W. L.; Huenemoerder, D. P.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Nichols, J. S.; Todt, H.; Nazé, Y.; Hoffman, J. L.; Pollock, A. M. T.; Negueruela, I. A Coordinated X-Ray and Optical Campaign of the Nearest Massive Eclipsing Binary, δ Orionis Aa. IV. A Multiwavelength, Non-LTE Spectroscopic Analysis. Astrophysical Journal. 2015, 809 (2): 135. Bibcode:2015ApJ...809..135S. S2CID 14909574. arXiv:1503.03476 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/809/2/135. hdl:10045/59172. 
  102. ^ Tokovinin, A. A. MSC - a catalogue of physical multiple stars. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 1997, 124: 75–84. Bibcode:1997A&AS..124...75T. doi:10.1051/aas:1997181 可免费查阅. 
  103. ^ Murdin, P.; Penston, M. V. The Lambda Orionis association. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1977-12-01, 181 (4): 657–665 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:1977MNRAS.181..657M. ISSN 0035-8711. doi:10.1093/mnras/181.4.657 可免费查阅. （原始内容存档于2021-10-29）. 
  104. ^ 104.0 104.1 104.2 Hoffleit, Dorrit; Jaschek, Carlos. The Bright star catalogue 5th Revised. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Observatory. 1991. Bibcode:1991bsc..book.....H. 
  105. ^ Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F.; Shultz, Matt; Williamson, Michael H.; Moya, Andres. Asteroseismology of the Nearby SN-II Progenitor: Rigel. I. Themosthigh-Precision Photometry and Radial Velocity Monitoring. The Astrophysical Journal. 2012-03-10, 747 (2): 108 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2012ApJ...747..108M. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 425831. arXiv:1201.0843 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/108. （原始内容存档于2021-03-24）. 
  106. ^ Hillenbrand, Lynne A. On the Stellar Population and Star-Forming History of the Orion Nebula Cluster. Astronomical Journal. 1997, 113: 1733. Bibcode:1997AJ....113.1733H. doi:10.1086/118389. 
  107. ^ Aldoretta, E. J.; Caballero-Nieves, S. M.; Gies, D. R.; Nelan, E. P.; Wallace, D. J.; Hartkopf, W. I.; Henry, T. J.; Jao, W.-C.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Mason, B. D.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Norris, R. P.; Richardson, N. D.; Williams, S. J. The Multiplicity of Massive Stars: A High Angular Resolution Survey with the Guidance Sensor. The Astronomical Journal. 2015, 149 (1): 26. Bibcode:2015AJ....149...26A. S2CID 58911264. arXiv:1410.0021 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/149/1/26. 
  108. ^ 108.0 108.1 Marchenko, Sergey V.; Rauw, Gregor; Antokhina, Eleonora A.; Antokhin, Igor I.; Ballereau, Dominique; Chauville, Jacques; Corcoran, Michael F.; Costero, Rafael; Echevarria, Juan; Eversberg, Thomas; Gayley, Ken G.; Koenigsberger, Gloria; Miroshnichenko, Anatoly S.; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; Morrell, Nidia I.; Morrison, Nancy D.; Mulliss, Christopher L.; Pittard, Julian M.; Stevens, Ian R.; Vreux, Jean-Marie; Zorec, Jean. Coordinated monitoring of the eccentric O-star binary Iota Orionis: Optical spectroscopy and photometry. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2000, 317 (2): 333. Bibcode:2000MNRAS.317..333M. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03542.x 可免费查阅. 
  109. ^ 109.0 109.1 109.2 Nicolet, B., Photoelectric photometric Catalogue of homogeneous measurements in the UBV System, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 1978, 34: 1–49, Bibcode:1978A&AS...34....1N 
  110. ^ Underhill, A. B.; Divan, L.; Prevot-Burnichon, M.-L.; Doazan, V. Effective temperatures, angular diameters, distances and linear radii for 160 O and B stars. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1979, 189 (3): 601–05. Bibcode:1979MNRAS.189..601U. doi:10.1093/mnras/189.3.601 可免费查阅. 
  111. ^ Nieva, M.-F. Temperature, gravity, and bolometric correction scales for non-supergiant OB stars. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2013, 550: A26. Bibcode:2013A&A...550A..26N. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119275940. arXiv:1212.0928 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219677. 
  112. ^ Tanrıverdi, Taner. Elemental abundances of the supergiant stars σ Cygnus and η Leonis. New Astronomy. 2013, 25: 50. Bibcode:2013NewA...25...50T. S2CID 118525375. arXiv:1512.04557 可免费查阅. doi:10.1016/j.newast.2013.03.013. 
  113. ^ Firnstein, M.; Przybilla, N. Quantitative spectroscopy of Galactic BA-type supergiants. I. Atmospheric parameters. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2012, 543: A80. Bibcode:2012A&A...543A..80F. S2CID 54725386. arXiv:1207.0308 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219034. 
  114. ^ Martins, F.; Schaerer, D.; Hillier, D. J.; Meynadier, F.; Heydari-Malayeri, M.; Walborn, N. R. O stars with weak winds: the Galactic case. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2005, 441 (2): 735–762. Bibcode:2005A&A...441..735M. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 11547293. arXiv:astro-ph/0507278 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20052927. 
  115. ^ 115.0 115.1 115.2 Simón-Díaz, S.; Caballero, J. A.; Lorenzo, J.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Negueruela, I.; Barbá, R. H.; Dorda, R.; Marco, A.; Montes, D.; Pellerin, A.; Sanchez-Bermudez, J.; Sódor, Á.; Sota, A. Orbital and Physical Properties of the σ Ori Aa, Ab, B Triple System. The Astrophysical Journal. 2015, 799 (2): 169. Bibcode:2015ApJ...799..169S. S2CID 118500350. arXiv:1412.3469 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/169. 
  116. ^ 116.0 116.1 116.2 Mason, Brian D.; Wycoff, Gary L.; Hartkopf, William I.; Douglass, Geoffrey G.; Worley, Charles E. The 2001 US Naval Observatory Double Star CD-ROM. I. The Washington Double Star Catalog. The Astronomical Journal. 2001, 122 (6): 3466. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.3466M. doi:10.1086/323920 可免费查阅. 
  117. ^ Pecaut, Mark J.; Mamajek, Eric E.; Bubar, Eric J. A Revised Age for Upper Scorpius and the Star Formation History Among the F-Type Members of the Scorpius-Centaurus Ob Association. The Astrophysical Journal. 2012-02-20, 746 (2): 154 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:2012ApJ...746..154P. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 118461108. arXiv:1112.1695 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/154. （原始内容存档于2021-02-25）. 
  118. ^ Gutierrez-Moreno, Adelina; Moreno, Hugo. A Photometric Investigation of the SCORPlO-CENTAURUS Association. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 1968-06-01, 15: 459 [2021-07-11]. Bibcode:1968ApJS...15..459G. ISSN 0067-0049. doi:10.1086/190168. （原始内容存档于2019-03-25）. 
  119. ^ Lutz, T. E.; Lutz, J. H., Spectral classification and UBV photometry of bright visual double stars, Astronomical Journal, June 1977, 82: 431–434, Bibcode:1977AJ.....82..431L, doi:10.1086/112066 
  120. ^ 120.0 120.1 120.2 Johnson, H. L.; et al, UBVRIJKL photometry of the bright stars, Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, 1966, 4 (99): 99, Bibcode:1966CoLPL...4...99J 
  121. ^ Hubrig, S.; et al, Discovery of magnetic fields in the βCephei star ξ1 CMa and in several slowly pulsating B stars*, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, June 2006, 369 (1): L61–L65, Bibcode:2006MNRAS.369L..61H, S2CID 18201908, arXiv:astro-ph/0604283 可免费查阅, doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00175.x 
  122. ^ Cousins, A. W. J., UBV Photometry of Some Very Bright Stars, Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa, 1972, 31: 69, Bibcode:1972MNSSA..31...69C 
  123. ^ Nieva, María-Fernanda; Przybilla, Norbert. Fundamental properties of nearby single early B-type stars. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2014, 566: A7. Bibcode:2014A&A...566A...7N. S2CID 119227033. arXiv:1412.1418 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423373. 
  124. ^ Nicolet, B. Catalogue of homogeneous data in the UBV photoelectric photometric system. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. October 1978, 34: 1–49. Bibcode:1978A&AS...34....1N. 
  125. ^ Pillitteri, I.; Fossati, L.; Castro Rodriguez, N.; Oskinova, L.; Wolk, S. J. Detection of magnetic field in the B2 star ρ Ophiuchi A with ESO FORS2. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2018, 610: L3. Bibcode:2018A&A...610L...3P. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119395824. arXiv:1712.00728 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732078. 
  126. ^ 126.0 126.1 126.2 126.3 126.4 126.5 126.6 Anderson, E.; Francis, Ch. XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation. Astronomy Letters. 2012, 38 (5): 331. Bibcode:2012AstL...38..331A. S2CID 119257644. arXiv:1108.4971 可免费查阅. doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015.  Vizier catalog entry （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  127. ^ Kudritzki, R. P.; Reimers, D. On the absolute scale of mass-loss in red giants. II. Circumstellar absorption lines in the spectrum of alpha Sco B and mass-loss of alpha Sco A. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1978, 70: 227. Bibcode:1978A&A....70..227K. 
  128. ^ Jerzykiewicz, M.; Molenda-Zakowicz, J., Empirical Luminosities and Radii of Early-Type Stars after Hipparcos, Acta Astronomica, September 2000, 50: 369–380, Bibcode:2000AcA....50..369J 
  129. ^ Harmanec, P. Physical Properties and Evolutionary Stage of Be Stars. The be Phenomenon in Early-Type Stars. 2000, 214: 13. Bibcode:2000ASPC..214...13H. 
  130. ^ Fernie, J. D., New UBVRI photometry for 900 supergiants, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, May 1983, 52: 7–22, Bibcode:1983ApJS...52....7F, doi:10.1086/190856. 
  131. ^ Feinstein, A.; Marraco, H. G., The photometric behavior of Be Stars, Astronomical Journal, November 1979, 84: 1713–1725, Bibcode:1979AJ.....84.1713F, doi:10.1086/112600. 
  132. ^ McDonald, I.; et al, Fundamental Parameters and Infrared Excesses of Hipparcos Stars, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2012, 427 (1): 343–57, Bibcode:2012MNRAS.427..343M, S2CID 118665352, arXiv:1208.2037 可免费查阅, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21873.x. 
  133. ^ Mermilliod, J.-C., Compilation of Eggen's UBV data, transformed to UBV (unpublished), Catalogue of Eggen's UBV Data (SIMBAD), 1986, Bibcode:1986EgUBV........0M. 
  134. ^ North, P. Do SI stars undergo any rotational braking?. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1998, 334: 181–87. Bibcode:1998A&A...334..181N. arXiv:astro-ph/9802286 可免费查阅. 
  135. ^ Fang, M.; et al, Young stars in ɛ Chamaleontis and their disks: disk evolution in sparse associations (PDF), Astronomy & Astrophysics, January 2013, 549: 17, Bibcode:2013A&A...549A..15F, S2CID 118332644, arXiv:1209.5832 可免费查阅, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118528, A15. 
  136. ^ Zorec, J.; Royer, F. Rotational velocities of A-type stars. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2012, 537: A120. Bibcode:2012A&A...537A.120Z. S2CID 55586789. arXiv:1201.2052 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117691.  Vizier catalog entry （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  137. ^ Corben, P. M.; Stoy, R. H., Photoelectric Magnitudes and Colours for Bright Southern Stars, Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa, 1968, 27: 11, Bibcode:1968MNSSA..27...11C. 
  138. ^ Silaj, J.; et al, The Hα Profiles of Be Shell Stars, The Astrophysical Journal, November 2014, 795 (1): 12, Bibcode:2014ApJ...795...82S, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/795/1/82, 82. 
  139. ^ International Astronomical Union 2015 RESOLUTION (PDF), International Astronomical Union, 13 August 2015 [2021-07-11], （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-01-28） 
  140. ^ Luzum, Brian; Capitaine, Nicole; Fienga, Agnès; Folkner, William; Fukushima, Toshio; Hilton, James; Hohenkerk, Catherine; Krasinsky, George; Petit, Gérard; Pitjeva, Elena; Soffel, Michael. The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: the report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy. Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. August 2011, 110 (4): 293–304. Bibcode:2011CeMDA.110..293L. ISSN 0923-2958. doi:10.1007/s10569-011-9352-4 可免费查阅. 
  141. ^ Bessell, M.S.; Castelli, F.; Plez, B. Model atmospheres broad-band colors, bolometric corrections and temperature calibrations for O–M stars. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1998, 333: 231–250. Bibcode:1998A&A...333..231B. 

外部链接

[编辑]
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=恆星光度列表&oldid=74180763”