新加坡战略
| 新加坡战略 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 时期 | 1919–1942 |
| 作战空间 | 海上 |
新加坡战略是一份关于大英帝国的海军国防政策，这个政策涉及到了从1919年到1941年间的一系列的战争计划，计划主旨是在远东进驻一支英国皇家海军舰队，遏止日本南下侵略印度或澳大利亚；为此1919年起英国选定在马六甲海峡东端的新加坡建设舰队基地，此后20年不断强化该地战斗能量。
构想
[编辑]英国想定中，认为和日本的战争会以三阶段进行：一、守卫住新加坡要塞的英军等待英国本土增援舰队抵达；二、舰队北上拯救或夺回香港；三、对日本本土进行海上封锁，重创仰赖海上贸易的日本，迫和对手。反攻日本本土的想法则因不切实际而不在考虑内。但英军没估计到日本愿意投注兵力主动挑战英军，并有击败英军的实力。
巩固新加坡成为英国在1920年代起的远东国防根本，在1937年，就海军上校斯蒂芬·罗斯基尔所言，驻新主力舰队的概念也许是通过反复验证，已犹如圣谕般地不容置疑[1]。但是政治、经济和实行上的困难令这个战略难以成功执行。在20世纪30年代，英国和海外对这项战略批评不断，尤其是澳大利亚常以其为借口来削减自己的国防开支。英国最终实行该战略，在新加坡部署15吋口径大炮，派遣了“Z舰队”驻进新加坡。
失败
[编辑]1941年12月10日，日本空袭新加坡，威尔士亲王号战列舰和反击号战斗巡洋舰北上拦截日本舰队，却在马来亚海战被日军飞机用鱼雷击沉，日军同时在马来半岛长驱直进，防守的英军毫无招架之力，吉隆坡及槟城相继失守，英军不断后撤到马来半岛南端的柔佛，及后经长堤撤退至新加坡。1942年2月8日，日军进攻新加坡，新加坡战役爆发，日军用不足一星期时间攻占半个新加坡，因为粮食及淡水开始短缺，负责新加坡防守的最高指挥官白思华决定停战，于2月15日带领超过八万人的英军向日军投降，被温斯顿·丘吉尔称其为“英国历史上最严重的灾难和最大规模的投降”[2]，大部分投降英军死于日军劳役及疾病。
参见
[编辑]注释
[编辑]- ^ McIntyre 1979，第214页
- ^ Churchill 1950，第81页
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