喀布里斯坦是罽宾领域的中心地带,有时包括扎布里斯坦[9]和健驮逻国。他们的一些铸币是在犍陀罗东部的罽宾冬都洪德(乌达班达普拉)铸造的。[1]在他们的统治期间,罽宾与阿拉伯阿拔斯王朝的东扩不断发生冲突。[3]大约650年,阿拉伯从西边进攻罽宾领土,并占领了喀布尔。[3]但罽宾能够发动反攻并击退阿拉伯,夺回喀布尔和扎布里斯坦(加兹尼附近),以及远至坎大哈的阿拉霍西亚地区。[3]阿拉伯在697-698年占领喀布尔和扎布里斯坦时失败,阿拉伯将军Yazid ibn Ziyad在战争中丧生。[3]
^Martin 2011,第127页:"He received this laudatory epithet because he, like the Byzantines, was successful at holding back the Muslim conquerors."
^The study of these new coins originally appeared in "New Coins of Fromo Kēsaro" by Helmut Humbach in: G. Pollet (ed.), "India and the Ancient World. History, trade and culture before A.D. 650". Professor P.H.L. Eggermont jubilee volume. Leuven 1987, 81-85, plates. XI-XIII
^ 1.01.11.2Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. UNESCO. 1 January 1996: 380. ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0(英语). The legends are written only in Bactrian and Pahlavi scripts and languages. They run as follows: obverse (11 h) (1) GDH (2) ’p < zwt > (2 h) (1) bg (2) h. wtyp (The glory increased! The Majestic Sovereign); on the rim around, ϕρoµo κησαρo βαγo χoαδηo (Fromo Kesaro, the Majestic Sovereign); reverse (10 h) ŠT’ (2 h) h. wndy ([minted in his] 6th [regnal year at] Hund).
^Readings with photographs in "New Coins of Fromo Kēsaro" by Helmut Humbach in: G. Pollet (ed.), "India and the Ancient World. History, trade and culture before A.D. 650". Professor P.H.L. Eggermont jubilee volume. Leuven 1987, 81-85, plates. XI-XIII
^"New Coins of Fromo Kēsaro" by Helmut Humbach in: G. Pollet (ed.), "India and the Ancient World. History, trade and culture before A.D. 650". Professor P.H.L. Eggermont jubilee volume. Leuven 1987, 81-85, plates. XI-XIII
^D. W. Macdowall, "The Shahis of Kabul and Gandhara" Numismatic Chronicle, Seventh Series, Vol. III, 1968, pp. 189-224, see extracts in R. T. Mohan, AFGHANISTAN REVISITED … Appendix –B, pp. 164-68
^Raizada Harichand Vaid, Gulshane Mohyali, II, pp. 83 and 183-84.
^H. G. Raverty, Tr. Tabaqat-i-Nasiri of Maulana Minhaj-ud-din, Vol. I, p. 82