战马

战马是人类用于战斗的马。人类使用马匹战斗已有超过5000年的历史。骑马作战的最早证据可追溯至公元前4000年至前3000年的欧亚大陆。到了前1600年，经改进的马具及两轮无篷马车设计使得两轮无篷马车在古代近东地区常用于战事中。关于战马训练指南的最早文献可追溯至一份在约前1350年写成的训练两轮无篷马车马匹的指南。当骑兵取代战车后，新的训练方法也出现。

在中国战争历史当中，不少知名战马出现在史书上，而中国从春秋战国以来非常仰赖外地输入马匹。拿宋代来说战马仅能依靠进口，出自北部辽国境内牧场。宋真宗时期数量最多，不过二十万匹。马属稀缺物，普通官宦人家、士大夫出行靠牛车、骑毛驴、乘轿子。^[1]

在21世纪仍有人使用马匹战斗，例如在达尔富尔冲突中袭击平民的金戈威德武装分子。印度陆军现在仍有一个骑兵团。

参考文献

Adkins, Roy; Adkins, Lesley. Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 0-19-512491-X.
Adkins, Roy; Adkins, Lesley. Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 0-19-512332-8.
Azevedo, Mario Joaquim. Roots of Violence: A History of War in Chad. New York, NY: Routledge. 2004. ISBN 90-5699-583-9.
Baker, Ira Osborn. A Treatise on Roads and Pavements 3rd. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1918. OCLC 1628818.
Barber, Richard. The Reign of Chivalry 2nd. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. 2005. ISBN 1-84383-182-1.
Barker, Juliet. The Tournament in England: 1100–1400. UK: The Boydell Press. 1986. ISBN 0-85115-942-7.
Bennett, Deb. Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship 1st. Solvang, CA: Amigo Publications Inc. 1998. ISBN 0-9658533-0-6.
Bennett, Matthew. Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 2001. ISBN 0-8117-2610-X.
Bennett, Matthew; Bradbury, Jim; DeVries, Kelly; Dickie, Iain; Phyllis Jestice. Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World : Equipment, Combat Skills and Tactics. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. 2005. ISBN 0-312-34820-7.
Bongard-Levin, G.M. Ancient Indian Civilization. New Delhi: Arnold-Heinemann. 1985. OCLC 12667676.
Bryant, Jennifer O. Olympic Equestrian: The Sports and the Stories from Stockholm to Sydney 1st. Canada: The Blood-Horse, Inc. 2000. ISBN 1-58150-044-0.
Budiansky, Stephen. The Nature of Horses. New York:NY: Free Press. 1997. ISBN 0-684-82768-9.
Bumke, Joachim, translated by Thomas Dunlap. Courtly Culture: Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Duckworth. 2000. ISBN 1-58567-051-0.
Carey, Brian Todd, Allfree, Joshua B and Cairns, John. Warfare in the Medieval World. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Military. 2006. ISBN 1-84415-339-8.
Carver, Field Marshal Lord. The Seven Ages of the British Army. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. 1984. ISBN 0-297-78373-4.
Carver, Field Marshal Lord. Britain's Army in the 20th Century. London: Macmillan. 1998. ISBN 0-333-73777-6.
Chamberlin, J. Edward. Horse: How the Horse Has Shaped Civilizations. Bluebridge. 2006. ISBN 0-9742405-9-1.
Clark, John. Introduction: Horses and Horsemen in Medieval London. Clark, John (编). The Medieval Horse and its Equipment: c.1150-c.1450. Contributions by Brian Spencer and D. james Rackam Rev. 2nd. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 2004 [2017-09-23]. ISBN 978-1-84383-097-9. （原始内容存档于2019-08-14）. |chapter-url=被忽略 (帮助)
Cocker, Mark. Rivers of Blood, Rivers of Gold:Europe's Conquest of Indigenous Peoples 1st American. New York, NY: Grove Press. 2000. ISBN 0-8021-3801-2.
Crowell, Pers. Cavalcade of American Horses. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1951. OCLC 1428574.
Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman (编). The other Euorope in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans.. Kononklijke Brill N.Y. 2007: 319 [2017-09-23]. ISBN 978-90-0416389-8. （原始内容存档于2019-08-20）.
Davies, Norman. God's Playground: A History of Poland: Volume II 1795 to the Present Revised. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-19-925340-4.
Davis, R.H.C. The Medieval Warhorse. London: Thames and Hudson. 1989. ISBN 0-500-25102-9.
Devereux, Frederick L. The Cavalry Manual of Horse Management Reprint of 1941. Cranbury, NJ: A. S. Barnes. 1979. ISBN 0-498-02371-0.
Drower, Margaret S. Syria c. 1550–1400 BC. The Cambridge Ancient History: The Middle East and the Aegean Region c. 1800–1380 BC Volume II Part I Third. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 417–525. 1973. ISBN 0-521-29823-7.
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, and James B. Palais. Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005. ISBN 0-618-13386-0.
Edwards, Elwyn Hartley and Candida Geddes (editors). The Complete Horse Book. North Pomfret, VT: Trafalgar Square, Inc. 1987. ISBN 0-943955-00-9.
Edwards, Elwyn Hartley. The Encyclopedia of the Horse 1st American. New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley. 1994. ISBN 1-56458-614-6.
Edwards, Gladys Brown. The Arabian: War Horse to Show Horse Revised Collectors. Covina, CA: Arabian Horse Association of Southern California, Rich Publishing. 1973. ISBN 0-938276-00-X. OCLC 1148763.
Ellis, John. Cavalry: The History of Mounted Warfare. Pen & Sword Military Classics. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword. 2004. ISBN 1-84415-096-8.
Ensminger, M. E. Horses and Horsemanship: Animal Agriculture Series Sixth. Danville, IL: Interstate Publishers. 1990. ISBN 0-8134-2883-1.
Equine Research, Inc. Equine Genetics & Selection Procedures. Grand Prairie, TX: Equine Research. 1978. OCLC 4750182.
France, John. Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades 1000–1300. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 1999. ISBN 0-8014-8607-6.
Gies, Frances; Gies, Joseph. Daily Life in Medieval Times 2nd. Hoo, UK: Grange Books. 2005. ISBN 1-84013-811-4.
Goodrich, L. Carrington. A Short History of the Chinese People Third. New York: Harper Torchbooks. 1959. ISBN 0-04-951015-0. OCLC 3388796.
Gordon, Stewart. The Limited Adoption of European-style Military Forces by Eighteenth Century Rulers in India. Indian Economic Social History Review. 1998, 35 (35): 229. doi:10.1177/001946469803500301.
Gravett, Christopher. English Medieval Knight 1300–1400. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2002. ISBN 1-84176-145-1.
Gravett, Christopher. Tudor Knight. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2006. ISBN 1-84176-970-3.
Hale, J. R. War and society in Renaissance Europe, 1450–1620. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1986. ISBN 0-8018-3196-2.
Hamblin, William James. Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History. New York, NY: Routledge. 2006. ISBN 0-415-25589-9.
Haythornthwaite, Philip J. British Infantry of the Napoleonic Wars. London: Arms and Armour Press. 1987. ISBN 0-85368-890-7.
Haythornthwaite, Philip J. The Colonial Wars Source Book. London: Arms and Armour Press. 1995. ISBN 1-85409-196-4.
Hitti, Phillip K. Lebanon in History. London: MacMillan and Co. 1957. OCLC 185202493.
Holmes, Richard (ed). The Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-19-866209-2.
Hope, Lt. Col. C.E.G. The Horseman's Manual. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1972. ISBN 0-684-13622-8.
Hyland, Ann. Equus: The Horse in the Roman world. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 1990. ISBN 0-300-04770-3.
Hyland, Ann. The Medieval Warhorse: From Byzantium to the Crusades. London: Grange Books. 1994. ISBN 1-85627-990-1.
Hyland, Ann. The Warhorse 1250–1600. UK: Sutton Publishing. 1998. ISBN 0-7509-0746-0.
Jones, Kristine L. Warfare Reorganization and Readaptation at the Margins of Spanish Rule: The Southern Margin. The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Volume III South America Part 2. Cambridge University Press. 2000. OCLC 33359444.
Keegan, John. A History of Warfare 1st. Vintage Books. 1994. ISBN 0-679-73082-6.
Kinloch, Terry. Echoes of Gallipoli: In the Words of New Zealand's Mounted Riflemen. Auckland: Exisle Publishing. 2005. ISBN 0-908988-60-5.
Krebs, Robert E. Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2004. ISBN 0-313-32433-6.
Kupper, J. R. Egypt: From the Death of Ammenemes III to Seqenenre II. The Cambridge Ancient History: The Middle East and the Aegean Region c. 1800–1380 BC Volume II Part I Third. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 42–76. 1973. ISBN 0-521-29823-7.
Law, Robin. The horse in West African history : the role of the horse in the societies of pre-colonial West Africa. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. 1980. ISBN 0-19-724206-5.
Mitchell, Elyne. Light Horse: The Story of Australia's Mounted Troops. Melbourne: MacMillan. 1982. ISBN 0-7251-0389-2.
Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. 1986. OCLC 48999277.
Nicolle, David. Attila and the Nomad Hordes: Warfare on the Eurasian steppes 4th-12th centuries. London: Osprey. 1990. ISBN 0-85045-996-6.
Nicolle, David. Companion to Medieval Arms and Armour. London: Boydell Press. 2002. ISBN 0-85115-872-2.
Nicolle, David. Crusader Knight. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 1996. ISBN 1-85532-934-4.
Nicolle, David. Medieval Warfare Source Book: Christian Europe and its Neighbors. Leicester: Brockhampton Press. 1998. ISBN 1-86019-861-9.
Nicolle, David. Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare In Western Christendom. Dubai: Brockhampton Press. 1999. ISBN 1-86019-889-9.
Nofi, Albert A. The Waterloo Campaign: June 1815. USA: De Capo Press. 1993. ISBN 0-938289-98-5.
Oakeshott, Ewart. A Knight and His Horse. Chester Springs, PA: Dufour Editions. 1998. ISBN 0-8023-1297-7.
Olmstead, A.T. History of Persian Empire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1959. ISBN 0-226-62777-2.
Parker, Geoffrey (ed). Warfare: The Triumph of the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1995. ISBN 0-521-79431-5.
Pakenham, Thomas. The Boer War. New York: Random House. 1979. ISBN 0-394-42742-4.
Partiger, F.E. Ancient Indian Historical Tradition Reprint. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 1997. OCLC 247010245.
Prestwich, Michael. Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1996. ISBN 0-300-07663-0.
Price, Steven D.; Don Burt. The American Quarter Horse: An Introduction to Selection, Care, and Enjoyment. Globe Pequot. 1998. ISBN 1-55821-643-X.
Pritchard, James B. The Ancient Near East. Volume 1. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1958. ISBN 0-691-03532-6. OCLC 382004.
Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra. Political History of Ancient India. New York: Oxford University Press. 1996. ISBN 0-19-564376-3.
Robards, Brooks. The Medieval Knight at War. London: Tiger Books. 1997. ISBN 1-85501-919-1.
Sadler, John. Border Fury: England and Scotland at War 1296–1568. UK: Pearson Education Ltd. 2005. ISBN 1-4058-4022-6.
Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. Age of the Nandas and Mauryas. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 1967. ISBN 81-208-0466-X. OCLC 248749546.
Sinha, Ganesh Prasad. Post-Gupta Polity (A.D. 500-750): A Study of the Growth of Feudal Elements and Rural Administration. Calcutta: Punthi Pustak. 1972. OCLC 695415.
Trench, Charles Chenevix. A History of Horsemanship. London: Doubleday and Company. 1970. ISBN 0-385-03109-2.
Tucker, Spencer; Priscilla Mary Roberts. Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social and Military History. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2004. ISBN 1-57607-999-6.
Turnbull, Stephen R. War in Japan 1467–1615. Essential Histories. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. 2002. ISBN 1-84176-480-9.
Urwin, Gregory J. W. The United States Cavalry: An Illustrated History. Poole, UK: Blandford Books. 1983. ISBN 0-7137-1219-8.
Warry, John Gibson. Warfare in the Classical World. New York: Barnes & Noble. 2000. ISBN 0-7607-1696-X.
Willetts, R. F. The Minoans. Arthur Cotterell (编). The Penguin Encyclopedia of Ancient Civilizations. New York: Penguin Books. 1980. ISBN 0-14-011434-3.
Willmott, H.P. First World War. Dorling Kindersley Limited. 2003. ISBN 1-4053-0029-9.
Whitby, Michael. Rome at War 229-696 AD. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. 2002. ISBN 1-84176-359-4.

延伸阅读

Hacker, Barton C. Military Technology and World History: A Reconnaissance (fee required). The History Teacher. August 1997, 30 (4): 461–487. JSTOR 494141. doi:10.2307/494141.

外部连接

The Institute for Ancient Equestrian Studies (IAES)
The Society of the Military Horse
Historic films showing horses in World War I at europeanfilmgateway.eu （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

^ 国晶. 宋朝游历指南.

[1] 国晶. 宋朝游历指南.

[1]