孟加拉国—印度飞地

印度-孟加拉间飞地（孟加拉语：ছিটমহল，罗马化：chhit mohol、^[1]^[2]^[3]chitmohol^[4]）是指位于印度西孟加拉邦和孟加拉国边界上一系列的飞地。双方在对方领土内都有复杂分布的飞地，许多飞地中还包含了另一个飞地（二级飞地），甚至二级飞地中还有另一个飞地（三级飞地）；印度境内有71个孟加拉国飞地（28个一级飞地），而孟加拉境内则有102个飞地（96个一级飞地）；目前居住在飞地的总人口为50,000—100,000人^[5]。由于生活在该系列飞地里的居民长期存在教育、水电、医疗、交通、犯罪、食物和水等困境^[6]，两国一直谋求在领土问题上达成交换协议，但是印度国会一直以来并未通过相关讨论。^[7]直到2015年6月6日，时任印度总理的纳伦德拉·莫迪前往孟加拉首都达卡与孟加拉国总理谢赫·哈西娜共同签署了一份领土互换协议，这才标志着两国之间长达68年的边境飞地问题宣告结束，而协议使印度合共失去40平方公里的领土。

历史

根据未被证实的民间传说，这些飞地最初是被两位地方国王当作游戏竞赛的赌注，导致边界如此复杂难定。而根据历史记载，这些领土归属的争议可能来自于库齐比哈尔王国（Koch Bihar）国王和蒙兀儿帝国皇帝于1713年的协议，当时双方停止战争后并未明确决定一条真正的疆界以决定领土属于哪方。1947年印度分裂后，朗布尔区（Rangpur）加入东巴基斯坦，而科奇比哈尔地区则被划入印度领土；原先这些非飞地的谈判由印度和巴基斯坦进行，待东巴基斯坦正式成为独立国家孟加拉后双方又必须重新谈判；1974年双方同意若不交换飞地，至少也要协助这些飞地的方便，孟加拉很快便批准了该项协议，但是印度国内由于政治敏感性而未能达成目标。主因是孟加拉所得飞地面积（17160英亩），几乎是印度所得飞地面积（7110英亩）的二倍半。2011年双方再度重启对话，最后仍以失败告终。2015年6月6日，印度总理纳伦德拉·莫迪在他访问孟加拉国首都达卡时批准了交换飞地的协议。两国外交部长在莫迪和孟加拉国总理谢赫·哈西娜的见证下签署了这一协议。^[8]基于该协议，印度将获得51块位于印度本土的孟加拉国飞地（7110英亩），孟加拉国则将获得位于孟加拉国本土的111块印度飞地（17160英亩）。^[9]居住在这些飞地的居民若无国籍，根据协议可以自行选择印度或孟加拉国作为他们的国籍。^[10]两国总共签署了22项协议包括海洋安全及打击印度假币。2015年7月31日午夜零时，印度与孟加拉交换两国边境飞地。

参考文献

^ van Schendel（荷兰语：Willem van Schendel）, Willem. Stateless in South Asia: The Making of the India-Bangladesh Enclaves (PDF). The Journal of Asian Studies. 2002-02, 61 (1): 115–147 [2020-04-24]. JSTOR 2700191. doi:10.2307/2700191. （原始内容存档于2013-08-11）. Similarly, landlords from the Mughal area were able to hang on to landed estates within Cooch Behar. Like most estates in Bengal, these were fragmented into many scattered plots. Such holdings detached from the parent estate were then known as chhit mohol in Bengali; this term came to mean ‘‘enclave’’ after 1947. These small territories paid taxes to one state but were surrounded by the territory of the other state. Sovereignty was expressed not so much in terms of territorial contiguity as in terms of jurisdiction and tax flows.
^ Houtum, H. Van; Berg, Eiki. Routing Borders Between Territories, Discourses and Practices 2. Routledge. 2018-10-18: 310 [14 February 2019]. ISBN 9781351759113 （英语）. Such holdings detached from the parent estate were then known as chhit mohol in Bengali; the term came to mean 'enclave' after 1947.
^ Whyte, Brendan R. Waiting for the Esquimo: An Historical and Documentary Study of the Cooch Behar Enclaves of India and Bangladesh 1. Melbourne, Australia: School of Anthropology, Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Melbourne. 2002: 502 [2019-02-14]. ISBN 9780734022080 （英语）.
^ Debroy, Bibek. Strong will from PM needed to resolve India-Bangladesh issues. The Economic Times (2) (Times Group). Times News Network. 2011-08-05 [2019-02-14]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-12）. Third, there is the issue of "enclaves", the nowhere people. In Bengali, these are called chitmohol, signifying a chit of paper. Origins go back to gambling between Raja of Cooch Behar and Maharaja of Rangpur. When they lost, they traded each other's possessions and created enclaves in each other's territory. This goes back to the Mughal period and continued under the British.
^ White, Brendan R. Waiting for the esquimo: An historical and documentary study of the Cooch Behar enclaves of India and Bangladesh (PDF). The School of Anthropology, Geography and Environmental Studies, The University of Melbourne. 2002 [2011-09-11]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-04-10）.
^ 印度-孟加拉邊境：在「飛地」裡折翼的孩子(台灣破報). [2013-07-18]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-11）.
^ Sougata Mukhopadhyay. India-Bangladesh sign pact on border demarcation. CNN-IBN. 7 September 2011 [2011-09-20]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-22）.
^ India, Bangladesh ratify historic land deal, Narendra Modi announces new $2 billion line of credit to Dhaka. Times of India. 6 June 2015 [7 June 2015]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-08）.
^ I’ve got a nation. It comes at the end of my life, still it comes: resident of a Bangladeshi enclave. The indian Express. [7 June 2015]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-13）.
^ Thousands Celebrate Historic India-Bangladesh Border Pact. NDTV. 7 June 2015 [7 June 2015]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-24）.

外部链接

[1] van Schendel（荷兰语：Willem van Schendel）, Willem. Stateless in South Asia: The Making of the India-Bangladesh Enclaves (PDF). The Journal of Asian Studies. 2002-02, 61 (1): 115–147 [2020-04-24]. JSTOR 2700191. doi:10.2307/2700191. （原始内容存档于2013-08-11）. Similarly, landlords from the Mughal area were able to hang on to landed estates within Cooch Behar. Like most estates in Bengal, these were fragmented into many scattered plots. Such holdings detached from the parent estate were then known as chhit mohol in Bengali; this term came to mean ‘‘enclave’’ after 1947. These small territories paid taxes to one state but were surrounded by the territory of the other state. Sovereignty was expressed not so much in terms of territorial contiguity as in terms of jurisdiction and tax flows.

[2] Houtum, H. Van; Berg, Eiki. Routing Borders Between Territories, Discourses and Practices 2. Routledge. 2018-10-18: 310 [14 February 2019]. ISBN 9781351759113 （英语）. Such holdings detached from the parent estate were then known as chhit mohol in Bengali; the term came to mean 'enclave' after 1947.

[BRW2002-3] Whyte, Brendan R. Waiting for the Esquimo: An Historical and Documentary Study of the Cooch Behar Enclaves of India and Bangladesh 1. Melbourne, Australia: School of Anthropology, Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Melbourne. 2002: 502 [2019-02-14]. ISBN 9780734022080 （英语）.

[4] Debroy, Bibek. Strong will from PM needed to resolve India-Bangladesh issues. The Economic Times (2) (Times Group). Times News Network. 2011-08-05 [2019-02-14]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-12）. Third, there is the issue of "enclaves", the nowhere people. In Bengali, these are called chitmohol, signifying a chit of paper. Origins go back to gambling between Raja of Cooch Behar and Maharaja of Rangpur. When they lost, they traded each other's possessions and created enclaves in each other's territory. This goes back to the Mughal period and continued under the British.

[5] White, Brendan R. Waiting for the esquimo: An historical and documentary study of the Cooch Behar enclaves of India and Bangladesh (PDF). The School of Anthropology, Geography and Environmental Studies, The University of Melbourne. 2002 [2011-09-11]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-04-10）.

[6] 印度-孟加拉邊境：在「飛地」裡折翼的孩子(台灣破報). [2013-07-18]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-11）.

[7] Sougata Mukhopadhyay. India-Bangladesh sign pact on border demarcation. CNN-IBN. 7 September 2011 [2011-09-20]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-22）.

[8] India, Bangladesh ratify historic land deal, Narendra Modi announces new $2 billion line of credit to Dhaka. Times of India. 6 June 2015 [7 June 2015]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-08）.

[indexp-9] I’ve got a nation. It comes at the end of my life, still it comes: resident of a Bangladeshi enclave. The indian Express. [7 June 2015]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-13）.

[10] Thousands Celebrate Historic India-Bangladesh Border Pact. NDTV. 7 June 2015 [7 June 2015]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-24）.

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