土星六边形
土星六边形是指位于土星北极近似六边形的环状云层,大约位于土星北纬78度左右的区域。[1][2][3]最外圈的六边形边长约为14,500 km(9,000 mi)长,[4][5][6][7]比地球的直径还长约2,000 km(1,200 mi)[8]直径更可达29,000 km(18,000 mi)宽,高度可能高达300公里,当中可能存在风速高达320 km/h(200 mph)的喷射气流。[4][5][9]这个六边形结构的自转周期为10小时 39分钟 24秒,与土星内部的无线电发射周期相同。[10]这个六边形结构像土星大气中其他的可见云彩一样,在经度上没有移动 。[11]
土星六边形最早由航海家号执行任务时发现,后来在2006年卡西尼-惠更斯号抵达土星时也有观测到土星六边形。在卡西尼号任务期间土星的六边形的颜色发生了变化,从蓝色转变为金黄色。特别地,这种六边形的云层结构仅出现在土星的北极。根据哈勃太空望远镜所拍摄到的土星南极区影像,其确实也存在明显的“喷射气流”,但没有强烈的极区漩涡,也没有“六边形的驻波”。[12]对于土星六边形的成因仍在猜测之中,其可能是某种形式的驻波、也可能是一种新型态的极光。目前已有部分实验重现出类似的多边形漩涡,但不确定是否与土星六边形的成因有关联。[13]
发现
[编辑]土星的极地六边形是1981年由航海家号任务发现的,[14]在航海家1号的影像中最先被注意到的是一个长期出现在78°N附近,围绕着北极的六边形漩涡[15][16]。2006年由卡西尼号任务也观测到了土星六边形。[17]
由于在2009年1月之前土星六边形尚未进入阳光范围,故卡西尼号只能拍摄土星六边形的热红外影像。[18]卡西尼号也能以与土星相同的速度移动,同时拍摄土星六边形天气模式的影片,因此能记录下土星六边形的运动。[19]在土星六边形被发现后,不少业余天文学家尝试在土星六边形进入阳光照射范围时,设法从地球获得土星六边形的影像。[20]
颜色
[编辑]根据卡西尼号的观测资料,2012年至2016年间,土星六边形的颜色从主要为蓝色变成大部分为金色。[21]对于这种现象目前被认为是因为季节变化,极地暴露在阳光下产生了阴霾导致。[21]
成因
[编辑]对于土星六边形的成因仍在猜测之中,多数的天文学家认为是在大气层中某种形式的驻波,但是六边形也许是一种新型态的极光。牛津大学研究人员提出的一个假设是,六边形形成在土星大气风速具有陡峭纬度梯度的地方。[22] 目前已经在实验室的流体转动桶内已经模拟出了多边型结构。当一个圆形液体罐在其中心和外围以不同的速度旋转时这种现象就可能发生,其形状从三角形到八边形都有,皆形成在具有不同速度旋转的两个不同流体之间的湍流区域。[22][23]
其他研究员称实验中观测到了涡旋泄离(会产生一连串的漩涡),然而并未在土星六边形观察到。模拟表明,一些较浅、较缓慢、局部缠绕,且与土星盛行云同方向的喷射气流,产生的边界稳定性,与观测到的土星六边形吻合。[24]
土星北极六边形绕极喷流(Jet)加上北极涡旋(NPV)系统的正压不稳定性产生的长寿命结构与观察到的六边形类似。然而在许多文献研究中,纯粹喷射气流系统并无法产生这样的现象,因此北极涡旋(NPV)的动力可能在稳定六边形射流方面扮演着重要的角色。有人提出湿对流可能是土星北极涡旋系统起源的因素之一,2017年一篇论文利用正压旋转之浅层水模型,考察了湿对流的影响,但认为不改北极涡旋的重要性。[25]
参见
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Godfrey, D.A. A hexagonal feature around Saturn's north pole. Icarus. 1988, 76 (2): 335–356. Bibcode:1988Icar...76..335G. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(88)90075-9.
- ^ Sanchez-Lavega, A.; Lecacheux, J.; Colas, F.; Laques, P. Ground-Based Observations of Saturn's North Polar Spot and Hexagon. Science. 1993, 260 (5106): 329–32. Bibcode:1993Sci...260..329S. PMID 17838249. S2CID 45574015. doi:10.1126/science.260.5106.329.
- ^ Overbye, Dennis. Storm Chasing on Saturn. New York Times. August 6, 2014 [August 6, 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-12).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Sánchez-Lavega, A.; et al. The long-term steady motion of Saturn's hexagon and the stability of its enclosed jet stream under seasonal changes. Geophysical Research Letters. 7 March 2014, 41 (5): 1425–1431. doi:10.1002/2013GL059078.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Fletcher, L.N.; et al. A hexagon in Saturn's northern stratosphere surrounding the emerging summertime polar vortex. Nature Communications. 3 September 2018, 9 (3564): 3564. PMC 6120878 . PMID 30177694. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06017-3.
- ^ Imster, Eleanor. The Eye of Saturn. Earth & Sky. 12 August 2014 [13 September 2018]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-10).
- ^ Williams, Matt. Saturn's Hexagon Will be the Star of the Cassini Finale. Universe Today. 10 May 2017 [13 September 2018]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-22).
- ^ New images show Saturn's weird hexagon cloud. NBC News. December 12, 2009 [December 5, 2013]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-21).
- ^ Wall, Mike. Bizarre Hexagon on Saturn May Be 180 Miles Tall. Space.com. 4 September 2018 [4 September 2018]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-22).
- ^ Godfrey, D. A. The Rotation Period of Saturn's Polar Hexagon. Science. 1990, 247 (4947): 1206–8. Bibcode:1990Sci...247.1206G. PMID 17809277. S2CID 19965347. doi:10.1126/science.247.4947.1206.
- ^ Baines, Kevin H.; Momary, Thomas W.; Fletcher, Leigh N.; Showman, Adam P.; Roos-Serote, Maarten; Brown, Robert H.; Buratti, Bonnie J.; Clark, Roger N.; Nicholson, Philip D. Saturn's north polar cyclone and hexagon at depth revealed by Cassini/VIMS. Planetary and Space Science. 2009, 57 (14–15): 1671–1681. Bibcode:2009P&SS...57.1671B. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2009.06.026.
- ^ Sánchez-Lavega, A.; Pérez-Hoyos, S.; French, R. G. Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Atmospheric Dynamics in Saturn's South Pole from 1997 to 2002. American Astronomical Society. 2002, 34: 13.07. Bibcode:2002DPS....34.1307S. (原始内容存档于September 5, 2008).
- ^ Geometric whirlpools revealed. Nature. May 19, 2006 [2007-04-27]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-01).
- ^ Caldwell, John; Turgeon, Benoit; Hua, Xin-Min; Barnet, Christopher D.; Westphal, James A. The Drift of Saturn's North Polar Spot Observed by the Hubble Space Telescope. Science. 1993, 260 (5106): 326–329. Bibcode:1993Sci...260..326C. PMID 17838248. S2CID 26837742. doi:10.1126/science.260.5106.326.
- ^ Godfrey. A hexagonal feature around Saturn's North Pole. Icarus. [2007-07-09]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-09).
- ^ Sanchez-Lavega, A. Ground-based observations of Saturn's north polar SPOT and hexagon. Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. [2007-07-30]. (原始内容存档于2016-06-04).
- ^ Saturn's Strange Hexagon. NASA. March 27, 2007 [May 1, 2013]. (原始内容存档于2010-02-01).
- ^ Saturn's Mysterious Hexagon Emerges From Winter Darkness. NASA. December 9, 2009 [May 1, 2013]. (原始内容存档于April 24, 2016).
- ^ Staff. NASA's Cassini Spacecraft Obtains Best Views of Saturn Hexagon. Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA). December 4, 2013 [December 5, 2013]. (原始内容存档于2017-06-16).
- ^ Fletcher, Leigh. Saturn's Hexagon Viewed from the Ground. Planetary Wanderings. January 31, 2013 [2021-08-23]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-18).[自述来源]
- ^ 21.0 21.1 Staff. Changing Colors in Saturn's North. NASA. October 21, 2016 [December 26, 2016]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-25).
- ^ 22.0 22.1 Barbosa Aguiar, Ana C.; Read, Peter L.; Wordsworth, Robin D.; Salter, Tara; Hiro Yamazaki, Y. A laboratory model of Saturn's North Polar Hexagon. Icarus. 2010, 206 (2): 755–763. Bibcode:2010Icar..206..755B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.10.022.
- ^ Lakdawalla, Emily. Saturn's hexagon recreated in the laboratory. Planetary.org. May 4, 2010 [2014-02-07]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-01).
- ^ Morales-Juberías, R.; Sayanagi, K. M.; Simon, A. A.; Fletcher, L. N.; Cosentino, R. G. Meandering Shallow Atmospheric Jet As a Model of Saturnʼs North-Polar Hexagon. The Astrophysical Journal. 2015, 806 (1): L18 [2021-08-23]. Bibcode:2015ApJ...806L..18M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/806/1/L18 . (原始内容存档于2021-08-23).
- ^ Rostami, Masoud; Zeitlin, Vladimir; Spiga, Aymeric. On the dynamical nature of Saturn's North Polar hexagon (PDF). Icarus. 2017, 297: 59–70 [2021-08-23]. Bibcode:2017Icar..297...59R. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.06.006. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-02-10).
外部链接
[编辑]- YouTube上的Cassini Video of Saturn's Hexagon
- Saturn Revolution 175 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Cassini images, November 27, 2012
- Saturn’s Strange Hexagon – In Living Color! – Universe Today (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Edge of the hexagon (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) from Planetary Photojournal (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Saturn's Hexagon Comes to Light (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), APOD January 22, 2012
- In the Center of Saturn's North Polar Vortex (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Astronomy Picture of the Day – December 4, 2012
- Video of hexagon's rotation (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) from NASA
- NASA's Cassini Spacecraft Obtains Best Views of Saturn Hexagon (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (December 4, 2013)
- Animated vortex view (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (TPS)
- Hexagon image (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Saturn's Hexagon Replicated In Laboratory (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), video
- Hexagon Changes Color (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (October 21, 2016)