原羽鸟属

丰宁原羽鸟; 化石时期：早白垩世，131 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼
	国立自然科学博物馆的化石标本
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目：	恐龙总目 Dinosauria
目：	蜥臀目 Saurischia
亚目：	兽脚亚目 Theropoda
演化支：	鸟翼类 Avialae
演化支：	†反鸟亚纲 Enantiornithes
目：	†原羽鸟目 Protopterygiformes; Zhang & Zhou, 2006
科：	†原羽鸟科 Protopterygidae; Zhang & Zhou, 2006
属：	†原羽鸟属 Protopteryx; Zhang & Zhou, 2000
种：	丰宁原羽鸟 P. fengningensis
二名法
	Protopteryx fengningensis; Zhang & Zhou, 2000

原羽鸟属（学名：Protopteryx）是种存在于白垩纪已灭绝的鸟类，可能是已知最原始的反鸟亚纲^[1]。模式种是丰宁原羽鸟（P. fengningensis）^[2]。其遗骸首次发现于中国河北省义县组或花吉营组（英语：Huajiying Formation）的四岔口段段^[3]，化石时期为距今1.31亿年前^[4]，后来又发现于大北沟组^[5]。学名Protopteryx意为“原始的羽毛”^[6]，其中“proto-”意为“第一个”，“-pteryx”意为“羽毛”或“翅膀”，此名是指该属具有比现代鸟类更加原始的羽毛，如两根缺乏羽小枝的修长尾羽^[7]。

描述

原羽鸟化石显示，这种鸟与今天的椋鸟大致相同^[6]。除去尾羽，成年原羽鸟长约10厘米（3.9英寸）。原羽鸟牙齿呈锥形，无锯齿，某些牙齿存在类似始祖鸟的骨吸收坑洞。原羽鸟身上覆有三种类型的羽毛：绒羽、飞羽及修长的带状尾羽，大部分羽毛长12毫米（0.47英寸）左右。绒羽的羽支呈层状而非毛发状且尖端磨损。原羽鸟最特别之处，在于尾部有两根仅末端生有羽支的修长羽毛。这两根尾羽靠近身体的部分很细、呈针状。唯一具备这种羽毛的现存鸟类只有极乐鸟。尾羽在尾部近端部分同样缺乏羽支^[8]。

分类

原羽鸟是反鸟亚纲已知最原始的成员之一，出现于始祖鸟及最原始的鸟类——孔子鸟之后^[9]。原羽鸟比始华夏鸟^[1]和副原羽鸟^[10]还要原始。

发现及分布

原羽鸟化石发现于河北省^[11]，出土于义县组四岔口段和大北沟组^[12]^[13]。四岔口盆地是大兴安岭—太行山构造岩浆带（Daxinganling-Taihangshan Tectonomagmatic Belt）的一部分，并向东北偏北方向移动。原羽鸟生存期间该盆地位于红浅沟—芥菜沟一带^[11]。

古生物学

原羽鸟所在的热河生物群栖息着众多陆生及淡水脊椎动物^[14]。原羽鸟的牙齿类似始祖鸟，表明两者食性相似^[8]。

羽毛

原羽鸟适于飞行且羽毛具有与现代鸟类相似的特征，如其前喙骨、胸嵴、肱骨外上髁、三角嵴所示，表明原羽鸟具有类似现代鸟类的喙肌上和胸肌。原羽鸟还有着类似始祖鸟、孔子鸟及其它飞禽的不对称翅膀飞羽^[8]。原羽鸟尾羽靠近身体那部分缺乏羽支^[8]，表明其有飞行以外的用途，如展示、温度调节或用作感官^[9]。

参见

恐龙的颜色（英语：Dinosaur coloration）

参考资料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Zhou, Zhonghe. (2002). "A new and primitive enantiornithine bird from the Early Cretaceous of China." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22(1): 49-57.
^ Zhang, Fucheng; Zhou, Zhonghe. A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers. Science. 2000, 290 (5498): 1955–1959. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1955Z. PMID 11110660. doi:10.1126/science.290.5498.1955.
^ Jin, F.; Zhang, F.C.; Li, Z.H.; Zhang, J.Y.; Li, C.; Zhou, Z.H. On the horizon of Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota. Chinese Science Bulletin. 2008, 53 (18): 2820–2827. Bibcode:2008SciBu..53.2820J. doi:10.1007/s11434-008-0209-5.
^ O'Connor, J.K., Zhou Z. and Zhang F. (In press). "A reappraisal of Boluochia zhengi (Aves: Enantiornithes) and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna, China." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, (published online before print 16 December 2010). doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.512614
^ Zhiheng Li, Zhonghe Zhou, Min Wang, Julia A. Clarke, (2014). "A New Specimen of Large-Bodied Basal Enantiornithine Bohaiornis from the Early Cretaceous of China and the Inference of Feeding Ecology in Mesozoic Birds." Journal of Paleontology, 88: 99-108.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers Fucheng Zhang and Zhonghe Zhou Science 8 December 2000: 290 (5498), 1955-1959. [DOI:10.1126/science.290.5498.1955]
^ Zhou, Zhonghe, and Fucheng Zhang. "Origin of feathers–perspectives from fossil evidence." Science Progress 84, no. 2 (2001): 87-104.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 "A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers", Fucheng Zhang and Zhonghe Zhou". Science 8 December 2000: 290 (5498), 1955-1959. [DOI:10.1126/science.290.5498.1955]
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Fucheng, Z., Zhonghe, Z. and Dyke, G. (2006), Feathers and ‘feather-like’ integumentary structures in Liaoning birds and dinosaurs. Geol. J., 41: 395–404. doi: 10.1002/gj.1057
^ Xiaoting, Z., Zihui, Z. and Lianhai, H. (2007), A New Enantiornitine Bird with Four Long Rectrices from the Early Cretaceous of Northern Hebei, China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 81: 703–708. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb00995.x
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 Jin, F.; Zhang, F.C.; Li, Z.H.; Zhang, J.Y.; Li, C.; Zhou, Z.H. (2008). "On the horizon of Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota". Chinese Science Bulletin 53 (18): 2820–2827. doi:10.1007/s11434-008-0209-5.
^ Zhonghe, Z. (2006), "Evolutionary radiation of the Jehol Biota: chronological and ecological perspectives". Geol. J., 41: 377–393. doi: 10.1002/gj.1045
^ O’Connor, Jingmai K., Zhonghe Zhou, and Fucheng Zhang. "A reappraisal of Boluochia zhengi (Aves: Enantiornithes) and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna, China." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9, no. 1 (2011): 51-63.
^ He, H. Y., X. L. Wang, F. Jin, Z. H. Zhou, F. Wang, L. K. Yang, X. Ding, A. Boven, and R. X. Zhu (2006), "The 40Ar/39Ar dating of the early Jehol Biota from Fengning, Hebei Province, northern China", Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 7, Q04001, doi:10.1029/2005GC001083.

来源

http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil-Pictures/Birds/Protopteryx/Protopteryx-fengningensis.htm
Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs by Luis M. Chiappe and Lawrence M. Witmer

外部链接

Protopteryx in the Paleobiology Database（英语：Paleobiology Database）
Protopteryx fossil courtesy of Fossil Museum [1]

[protopteryx_english-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Zhou, Zhonghe. (2002). "A new and primitive enantiornithine bird from the Early Cretaceous of China." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22(1): 49-57.

[Zhang+Zhou2000-2] Zhang, Fucheng; Zhou, Zhonghe. A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers. Science. 2000, 290 (5498): 1955–1959. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1955Z. PMID 11110660. doi:10.1126/science.290.5498.1955.

[jinetal2008-3] Jin, F.; Zhang, F.C.; Li, Z.H.; Zhang, J.Y.; Li, C.; Zhou, Z.H. On the horizon of Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota. Chinese Science Bulletin. 2008, 53 (18): 2820–2827. Bibcode:2008SciBu..53.2820J. doi:10.1007/s11434-008-0209-5.

[oconnoretal2010-4] O'Connor, J.K., Zhou Z. and Zhang F. (In press). "A reappraisal of Boluochia zhengi (Aves: Enantiornithes) and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna, China." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, (published online before print 16 December 2010). doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.512614

[bohaiornis_2014-5] Zhiheng Li, Zhonghe Zhou, Min Wang, Julia A. Clarke, (2014). "A New Specimen of Large-Bodied Basal Enantiornithine Bohaiornis from the Early Cretaceous of China and the Inference of Feeding Ecology in Mesozoic Birds." Journal of Paleontology, 88: 99-108.

[ReferenceA-6] 6.0 ^6.1 A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers Fucheng Zhang and Zhonghe Zhou Science 8 December 2000: 290 (5498), 1955-1959. [DOI:10.1126/science.290.5498.1955]

[Zhou,_Zhonghe_2001-7] Zhou, Zhonghe, and Fucheng Zhang. "Origin of feathers–perspectives from fossil evidence." Science Progress 84, no. 2 (2001): 87-104.

[ReferenceB-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 "A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers", Fucheng Zhang and Zhonghe Zhou". Science 8 December 2000: 290 (5498), 1955-1959. [DOI:10.1126/science.290.5498.1955]

[Fucheng,_Z._2006-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Fucheng, Z., Zhonghe, Z. and Dyke, G. (2006), Feathers and ‘feather-like’ integumentary structures in Liaoning birds and dinosaurs. Geol. J., 41: 395–404. doi: 10.1002/gj.1057

[10] Xiaoting, Z., Zihui, Z. and Lianhai, H. (2007), A New Enantiornitine Bird with Four Long Rectrices from the Early Cretaceous of Northern Hebei, China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 81: 703–708. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb00995.x

[Jin,_F._2008-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Jin, F.; Zhang, F.C.; Li, Z.H.; Zhang, J.Y.; Li, C.; Zhou, Z.H. (2008). "On the horizon of Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota". Chinese Science Bulletin 53 (18): 2820–2827. doi:10.1007/s11434-008-0209-5.

[12] Zhonghe, Z. (2006), "Evolutionary radiation of the Jehol Biota: chronological and ecological perspectives". Geol. J., 41: 377–393. doi: 10.1002/gj.1045

[13] O’Connor, Jingmai K., Zhonghe Zhou, and Fucheng Zhang. "A reappraisal of Boluochia zhengi (Aves: Enantiornithes) and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna, China." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9, no. 1 (2011): 51-63.

[14] He, H. Y., X. L. Wang, F. Jin, Z. H. Zhou, F. Wang, L. K. Yang, X. Ding, A. Boven, and R. X. Zhu (2006), "The 40Ar/39Ar dating of the early Jehol Biota from Fengning, Hebei Province, northern China", Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 7, Q04001, doi:10.1029/2005GC001083.

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