动物总界

动物总界
	前方为象耳海绵（Agelas clathrodes），后方则是两种珊瑚：黑海扇（Iciligorgia schrammi）及巨裂孔柳珊瑚（Plexaurella nutans）.
科学分类
域：	真核域 Eukaryota
演化支：	单鞭毛生物 Amorphea
演化支：	OBA 超类群 Obazoa
演化支：	后鞭毛生物 Opisthokonta
总界：	动物总界 Holozoa; Lang et al., 2002
演化支
	中菌动物纲 Ichthyosporea (= Mesomycetozoea); 多形壶菌 Pluriformea 珊瑚壶菌 Corallochytrium; Syssomonas; ; 蜷丝动物 Filozoa 蜷丝球虫纲 Filasterea; 领鞭毛动物 Choanozoa 领鞭毛虫纲 Choanoflagellata; 动物界 Animalia; ; ;

动物总界（学名：Holozoa）是后鞭毛生物的一个演化支，包括了动物和其它与动物界近缘、但与真菌界远缘的单细胞亲属在内。^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]另外，Holozoa也是长带海鞘属（Distaplia）的旧学名。^[5]

种系发生

基于2011年多基因分析，后鞭毛生物各演化支的关系如下图所示^[6]^[7]^[8]，真菌总界的分类则基于Tedersoo等人的研究。^[9]

后鞭毛生物

真菌总界

核形虫纲

	泉生虫目（英语：Fonticulida）

	核形虫目

BCG2

	真菌界

	Aphelida（英语：Aphelida）

BCG1

罗兹菌门/

罗兹菌（英语：Rozella）

	Namako-37

	微孢子虫

动物总界

中菌动物

多形动物（英语：Pluriformea）

	Syssomonas（英语：Syssomonas）

	珊瑚壶菌（英语：Corallochytrium）

蜷丝动物

蜷丝球虫纲

领鞭毛动物

	领鞭毛虫

	动物界

参考文献

^ Do we need many genes for phylogenetic inference?. Biochemistry Mosc. December 2007, 72 (12): 1313–23 [2019-09-29]. PMID 18205615. doi:10.1134/S000629790712005X. （原始内容存档于2019-07-13）.
^ The closest unicellular relatives of animals. Curr. Biol. October 2002, 12 (20): 1773–8. PMID 12401173. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01187-9.
^ Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Minge, Marianne A.; Espelund, Mari; Orr, Russell; Ruden, Torgeir; Jakobsen, Kjetill S.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Aramayo, Rodolfo. Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals. PLoS ONE. 7 May 2008, 3 (5): e2098. PMC 2346548 . PMID 18461162. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098.
^ The RJL family of small GTPases is an ancient eukaryotic invention probably functionally associated with the flagellar apparatus. Gene. August 2009, 442 (1–2): 63–72. PMID 19393304. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.04.011.
^ Tatiàn, Marcos; Antacli, Julieta Maria; Sahade, Ricardo. Ascidians (Tunicata, Ascidiacea): species distribution along the Scotia Arc. Scientia Marina. 2005, 69 (suppl. 2): 205–214. doi:10.3989/scimar.2005.69s2205.
^ Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Katz, Laura A. Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 16 August 2011, 108 (33): 13624–13629. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3158185 . PMID 21810989. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108.
^ Torruella, Guifré; de Mendoza, Alex; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; del Campo, Javier; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi. Current Biology. 21 September 2015, 25 (18): 2404–2410. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 26365255. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053 （英语）.
^ Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Kolisko, Martin; Campo, Javier del; Esaulov, Anton S.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Keeling, Patrick J. Novel Predators Reshape Holozoan Phylogeny and Reveal the Presence of a Two-Component Signaling System in the Ancestor of Animals. Current Biology. 2017, 27 (13): 2043–2050.e6. PMID 28648822. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006.
^ Tedersoo, Leho; Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago; Kõljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Döring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy. High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses. Fungal Diversity. 2018, 90 (1): 135–159. ISSN 1560-2745. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0 （英语）.

[pmid18205615-1] Do we need many genes for phylogenetic inference?. Biochemistry Mosc. December 2007, 72 (12): 1313–23 [2019-09-29]. PMID 18205615. doi:10.1134/S000629790712005X. （原始内容存档于2019-07-13）.

[pmid12401173-2] The closest unicellular relatives of animals. Curr. Biol. October 2002, 12 (20): 1773–8. PMID 12401173. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01187-9.

[pmid18461162-3] Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Minge, Marianne A.; Espelund, Mari; Orr, Russell; Ruden, Torgeir; Jakobsen, Kjetill S.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Aramayo, Rodolfo. Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals. PLoS ONE. 7 May 2008, 3 (5): e2098. PMC 2346548 . PMID 18461162. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098.

[pmid19393304-4] The RJL family of small GTPases is an ancient eukaryotic invention probably functionally associated with the flagellar apparatus. Gene. August 2009, 442 (1–2): 63–72. PMID 19393304. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.04.011.

[5] Tatiàn, Marcos; Antacli, Julieta Maria; Sahade, Ricardo. Ascidians (Tunicata, Ascidiacea): species distribution along the Scotia Arc. Scientia Marina. 2005, 69 (suppl. 2): 205–214. doi:10.3989/scimar.2005.69s2205.

[6] Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Katz, Laura A. Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 16 August 2011, 108 (33): 13624–13629. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3158185 . PMID 21810989. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108.

[7] Torruella, Guifré; de Mendoza, Alex; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; del Campo, Javier; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi. Current Biology. 21 September 2015, 25 (18): 2404–2410. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 26365255. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053 （英语）.

[8] Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Kolisko, Martin; Campo, Javier del; Esaulov, Anton S.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Keeling, Patrick J. Novel Predators Reshape Holozoan Phylogeny and Reveal the Presence of a Two-Component Signaling System in the Ancestor of Animals. Current Biology. 2017, 27 (13): 2043–2050.e6. PMID 28648822. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006.

[9] Tedersoo, Leho; Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago; Kõljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Döring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy. High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses. Fungal Diversity. 2018, 90 (1): 135–159. ISSN 1560-2745. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0 （英语）.

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