副同源异形基因动物

副同源异形基因动物; 化石时期：605.2–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N 埃迪卡拉纪至今
科学分类
演化支：	OBA 超类群 Obazoa
演化支：	后鞭毛生物 Opisthokonta
总界：	动物总界 Holozoa
演化支：	蜷丝动物 Filozoa
演化支：	领鞭毛动物 Choanozoa
界：	动物界 Animalia
亚界：	真后生动物亚界 Eumetazoa
演化支：	副同源异形基因动物 ParaHoxozoa; Ryan et al., 2010
Clades
	扁盘动物门 Placozoa; 刺胞动物门 Cnidaria; 两侧对称动物 Bilateria;

副同源异形基因动物（学名：ParaHoxozoa）是真后生动物的一个演化支，包含扁盘动物门、刺胞动物门与两侧对称动物，为栉水母动物门的姊妹群。^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

特征

副同源异形基因动物因拥有同源异形基因/副同源异形基因（英语：ParaHox）（Hox/ParaHox）而得名，后来虽有研究指出动物演化树中更早分支的多孔动物门可能也具有此类基因^[8]^[9]^[10]，但原先定义的副同源异形基因动物（不含多孔动物门）应为单系群，此名称也被持续使用^[4]。

演化

副同源异形基因动物

	扁盘动物门

	刺胞动物门

	蜕皮动物

	螺旋动物

(610 mya)

(650 mya)

(680 mya)

(760 mya)

(950 mya)

副同源异形基因动物中，扁盘动物门在演化树上的位置尚不清楚，有研究认为其为所有其他副同源异形基因动物（合称浮浪幼虫样动物）的姊妹群，也有研究认为其为刺胞动物门的姊妹群^[5]^[7]。

参考文献

^ Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide. Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals. Current Biology. 2017, 6 (24): 3864–3870.e4. PMID 29199080. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008 （英语）.
^ Pisani, Davide; Pett, Walker; Dohrmann, Martin; Feuda, Roberto; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Philippe, Hervé; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert. Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 15 December 2015, 112 (50): 15402–15407. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215402P. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4687580 . PMID 26621703. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518127112 （英语）.
^ Simion, Paul; Philippe, Hervé; Baurain, Denis; Jager, Muriel; Richter, Daniel J.; Franco, Arnaud Di; Roure, Béatrice; Satoh, Nori; Quéinnec, Éric. A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals (PDF). Current Biology (Submitted manuscript). 3 April 2017, 27 (7): 958–967 [2020-02-05]. Bibcode:1996CBio....6.1213A. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 28318975. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-25）（英语）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Giribet, Gonzalo. Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects. Zoologica Scripta. 1 October 2016, 45: 14–21. ISSN 1463-6409. doi:10.1111/zsc.12215 （英语）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Laumer, Christopher E; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Hadfield, Michael G; Pearse, Vicki B; Riesgo, Ana; Marioni, John C; Giribet, Gonzalo. Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias. eLife. 2018-10-30, 7. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 6277202 . PMID 30373720. doi:10.7554/elife.36278 （英语）.
^ Ryan, Joseph F.; Pang, Kevin; Mullikin, James C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Baxevanis, Andreas D. The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the ParaHoxozoa. EvoDevo. 2010-10-04, 1 (1): 9. ISSN 2041-9139. PMC 2959044 . PMID 20920347. doi:10.1186/2041-9139-1-9.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Eitel, Michael; Francis, Warren; Osigus, Hans-Jürgen; Krebs, Stefan; Vargas, Sergio; Blum, Helmut; Williams, Gray Argust; Schierwater, Bernd; Wörheide, Gert. A taxogenomics approach uncovers a new genus in the phylum Placozoa. bioRxiv. 2017-10-13: 202119 [2020-02-05]. doi:10.1101/202119. （原始内容存档于2018-11-18）（英语）.
^ Fortunato, Sofia A. V.; Adamski, Marcin; Ramos, Olivia Mendivil; Leininger, Sven; Liu, Jing; Ferrier, David E. K.; Adamska, Maja. Calcisponges have a ParaHox gene and dynamic expression of dispersed NK homeobox genes. Nature. 2014-10-30, 514 (7524): 620–623. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..620F. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25355364. doi:10.1038/nature13881. hdl:10023/6597 （英语）.
^ Larroux, Claire; Fahey, Bryony; Degnan, Sandie M.; Adamski, Marcin; Rokhsar, Daniel S.; Degnan, Bernard M. The NK Homeobox Gene Cluster Predates the Origin of Hox Genes. Current Biology. 1996, 17 (8): 706–710. Bibcode:1996CBio....6.1213A. PMID 17379523. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.008.
^ Ryan, Joseph F.; DeBiasse, Melissa B.; Pastrana, Claudia C. Sponges lack ParaHox genes. Genome Biology and Evolution. 2019, 11 (4): 1250–1257. PMC 6486804 . PMID 30859199. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz052 （英语）.

[Feuda-2017-1] Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide. Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals. Current Biology. 2017, 6 (24): 3864–3870.e4. PMID 29199080. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008 （英语）.

[Pisani-2015-2] Pisani, Davide; Pett, Walker; Dohrmann, Martin; Feuda, Roberto; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Philippe, Hervé; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert. Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 15 December 2015, 112 (50): 15402–15407. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215402P. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4687580 . PMID 26621703. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518127112 （英语）.

[Simio-2017n-3] Simion, Paul; Philippe, Hervé; Baurain, Denis; Jager, Muriel; Richter, Daniel J.; Franco, Arnaud Di; Roure, Béatrice; Satoh, Nori; Quéinnec, Éric. A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals (PDF). Current Biology (Submitted manuscript). 3 April 2017, 27 (7): 958–967 [2020-02-05]. Bibcode:1996CBio....6.1213A. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 28318975. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-25）（英语）.

[Giribet-2016-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Giribet, Gonzalo. Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects. Zoologica Scripta. 1 October 2016, 45: 14–21. ISSN 1463-6409. doi:10.1111/zsc.12215 （英语）.

[Laumer-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Laumer, Christopher E; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Hadfield, Michael G; Pearse, Vicki B; Riesgo, Ana; Marioni, John C; Giribet, Gonzalo. Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias. eLife. 2018-10-30, 7. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 6277202 . PMID 30373720. doi:10.7554/elife.36278 （英语）.

[Ryan-2010-6] Ryan, Joseph F.; Pang, Kevin; Mullikin, James C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Baxevanis, Andreas D. The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the ParaHoxozoa. EvoDevo. 2010-10-04, 1 (1): 9. ISSN 2041-9139. PMC 2959044 . PMID 20920347. doi:10.1186/2041-9139-1-9.

[Eitel-2017-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Eitel, Michael; Francis, Warren; Osigus, Hans-Jürgen; Krebs, Stefan; Vargas, Sergio; Blum, Helmut; Williams, Gray Argust; Schierwater, Bernd; Wörheide, Gert. A taxogenomics approach uncovers a new genus in the phylum Placozoa. bioRxiv. 2017-10-13: 202119 [2020-02-05]. doi:10.1101/202119. （原始内容存档于2018-11-18）（英语）.

[8] Fortunato, Sofia A. V.; Adamski, Marcin; Ramos, Olivia Mendivil; Leininger, Sven; Liu, Jing; Ferrier, David E. K.; Adamska, Maja. Calcisponges have a ParaHox gene and dynamic expression of dispersed NK homeobox genes. Nature. 2014-10-30, 514 (7524): 620–623. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..620F. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25355364. doi:10.1038/nature13881. hdl:10023/6597 （英语）.

[9] Larroux, Claire; Fahey, Bryony; Degnan, Sandie M.; Adamski, Marcin; Rokhsar, Daniel S.; Degnan, Bernard M. The NK Homeobox Gene Cluster Predates the Origin of Hox Genes. Current Biology. 1996, 17 (8): 706–710. Bibcode:1996CBio....6.1213A. PMID 17379523. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.008.

[10] Ryan, Joseph F.; DeBiasse, Melissa B.; Pastrana, Claudia C. Sponges lack ParaHox genes. Genome Biology and Evolution. 2019, 11 (4): 1250–1257. PMC 6486804 . PMID 30859199. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz052 （英语）.

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