冻胀
外观
冻胀(英语:Frost heaving)是指当水向上进入到土壤中的冰冻温度深度时,就结冰引起土壤向上膨胀。冰的生长需要供水,由土壤中的毛细作用将水输送。由于上覆土壤的重量,限制了冰的向上生长,就在土壤内形成一个透镜状冰区域。这些冰透镜的形成能让土壤,上升高达 1 英尺(0.30 米)或更多。土壤必须有足够的孔隙度让水性通过毛细管作用上升,但孔隙度又不能太高到破坏毛细管的连续性。这种土壤被称为“易冻层”的土壤。冰透镜的生长能不断消耗在冰冻前沿的上升水[1][2]。不同的冻胀会导致路面开裂——导致春季坑洼的形成——并损坏建筑地基[3][4]。
冰针是在结冰季节开始时发生的冻胀,此时冰冻尚未深入土壤,没有土壤覆盖层可以作为冻胀[5]。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Taber, Stephen (1929). "Frost Heaving" (PDF). Journal of Geology. 37 (5): 428–461. Bibcode:1929JG.....37..428T. doi:10.1086/623637. S2CID 224836578. Archived from the original on 2013-04-08. Retrieved 2010-03-24.
- ^ Rempel, A.W.; Wettlaufer, J.S.; Worster, M.G. (2001). "Interfacial Premelting and the Thermomolecular Force: Thermodynamic Buoyancy". Physical Review Letters. 87 (8): 088501. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..87h8501R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.088501. PMID 11497990.
- ^ Transports Quebec (2007). "Québec Pavement Story". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-03-21
- ^ Widianto; Heilenman, Glenn; Owen, Jerry; Fente, Javier (2009). "Foundation Design for Frost Heave". Cold Regions Engineering 2009: Cold Regions Impacts on Research, Design, and Construction: 599–608. doi:10.1061/41072(359)58. ISBN 9780784410721.
- ^ Beskow, Gunnar; Osterberg, J. O. (Translator) (1935). "Soil Heaving and Frost Heaving with Special Application to Roads and Railroads" (PDF). The Swedish Geological Society. C. No. 30 (Year Book No. 3). Archived from the original on 2013-04-08. Retrieved 2010-03-24