伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党
伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党 Hîzbî Dêmokiratî Kurdistanî Êran | |
---|---|
秘书长 | 穆斯塔法·赫贾里 |
创始人 | 卡齐·穆罕默德 |
成立 | 1945年8月16日 |
分裂自 | 伊朗人民党[1] |
总部 | |
党员 (2008年) | 1200—1800[3] |
意识形态 | 库尔德民族主义[4] 民主社会主义[4] 社会民主主义[4] 进步主义[4] 世俗主义[5] 历史上 反帝国主义[6] 文化保守主义[7] |
政治立场 | 中间偏左[8] 历史上: 左翼[9] |
国内组织 |
|
国际组织 | 社会党国际 (咨询成员) 进步联盟 无代表国家和民族组织 |
口号 | 伊朗民主、库尔德自治[12] |
官方网站 | |
pdki | |
伊朗政治 政党 · 选举 |
领导人 | 穆斯托伐·巴尔札尼(1940年代)[13] |
---|---|
活跃期 |
|
活跃地区 | 伊拉克库尔德斯坦、伊朗库尔德斯坦省与西阿塞拜疆省 |
人数 | |
盟友 | |
对手 |
伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党(简称PDKI或KDPI,库尔德语:حیزبی دێموکراتی کوردستانی ئێران,罗马化:Hîzbî Dêmukratî Kurdistanî Êran, HDKA; 波斯语:حزب دموکرات کردستان ایران,罗马化:Ḥezb-e Demokrāt-e Kordestān-e Īrān)是伊朗库尔德人的武装左翼政党,因在伊朗被查禁而流亡于伊拉克北部[27][28]。此组织主张库尔德人民族自决,推动库尔德分离主义[29][30][17]或追求联邦制下的自治权[28][31]。
自1979年起伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党即以游击战的形式持续对抗伊朗伊斯兰共和国政府,包括1979年伊朗库尔德起义、1989年-1996年间的伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党动乱与2016年至今的伊朗西部动乱等[28],伊朗伊斯兰革命卫队将其视为恐怖组织[32]。
历史
[编辑]伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党于1945年8月16日由库尔德民族主义者卡齐·穆罕默德在伊朗马哈巴德建立[33],穆罕穆德等领导人均被逮捕处决[34]。
随后伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党与伊朗人民党合作,在穆罕默德·摩萨台统治时期(1951年至1953年)短暂复苏,但巴勒维国王重新掌权后再度失势。1958年伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党一度打算与库尔德斯坦民主党(KDP)合并,但在合并完成前即被伊朗秘密警察萨瓦克查禁,残余成员原本支持KDP,不过巴勒维政权随后开始资助KDP对抗伊拉克政权,作为交换条件KDP也停止支持伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党[35]。伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党被迫重组,其中亲KDP的领导人艾哈迈德·陶菲克(Ahmad Tawfiq)渐被边缘化,同时许多共产主义者与民族主义者加入,组成革命委员会以继续对抗巴勒维政权,委员会于1967年发动起义,但于一年后宣告失败[36][34][35]。
在新任领导人阿布都·拉曼·卡西姆卢领导下,伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党与伊斯兰主义者、共产主义者合作以对抗巴勒维政权,于1979年伊朗伊斯兰革命中将其推翻[37][35],然而何梅尼的新政权拒绝了库尔德人的诉求,反而开始镇压伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党等库尔德组织,伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党继续在海外流亡,推动伊朗民主化、联邦化与库尔德人自治[34]。
1981年,伊拉克开始资助伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党,向其提供武器,在诺德沙、席林堡等边界城市从事游击活动[38],企图阻止伊朗使用通往巴格达的高速公路,但伊朗多次镇压其活动,在两伊战争期间伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党始终未能扮演重要角色[38]。1997年该党呼吁伊朗库尔德人杯葛1997年伊朗总统选举,但成效不彰[39]。2016年马哈巴德示威爆发后,该党宣布恢复武装活动[40]。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand. Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. 1982: 453. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ Andreas Wenger, Alex Wilner. Deterring Terrorism: Theory and Practice. Stanford University Press. 2012: 240. ISBN 9780804783477.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Iran Defence and Security Report, Including 5-Year Industry Forecasts, BMI Research, 2008 [Q1] [2017-02-27], (原始内容存档于2017-02-28)
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Neuberger, Benyamin. Bengio, Ofra , 编. Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland. University Of Texas Press. 2014: 268. ISBN 978-0292758131.
- ^ Monshipouri, Mahmood. Iran Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Islamic Republic 1. Greenwood Press. 2008: 223. ISBN 978-0313341632.
- ^ David McDowall. The Kurds: A Nation Denied. Minority Rights Group. 1992: 70. ISBN 9781873194300.
The KDPI (which had moved to the left in the meantime) adopted an anti-imperialist position, declaring their opposition to the Shah's regime...
- ^ Abbas Valli. Kurds and the State in Iran: The Making of Kurdish Identity. I.B.Tauris. 2014: 28. ISBN 9781780768236.
- ^ Abdulla Hawez. Iranian Kurds Are Rising Up Against the Mullahs. 每日野兽. 7 July 2016 [29 January 2017]. (原始内容存档于2017-03-12).
- ^ Rodolfo Stavenhagen. Ethnic Conflicts and the Nation-State. Springer. 2016: 98. ISBN 9781349250141.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Mark Edmond Clark, An Analysis of the Role of the Iranian Diaspora in the Financial Support System of the Mujahedin-e-Khalq, David Gold (编), Terrornomics, Routledge: 67–68, 2016, ISBN 978-1317045908
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand. Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. 1982: 301. ISBN 978-0-691-10134-7.
- ^ Martin Van Bruinessen. Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran. Middle East Research and Information Project. 20 July 1986 [29 January 2017]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-02).
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Michael G. Lortz. The Kurdish Warrior Tradition and the Importance of the Peshmerga. Willing to Face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces - the Peshmerga - from the Ottoman Empire to Present-day Iraq (学位论文). Florida State University Libraries: 27. 2005 [2022-11-19]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-16).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Hiro, Dilip. Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran". A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Middle East. Interlink Publishing. 2013. ISBN 9781623710330.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Jeffrey S. Dixon; Meredith Reid Sarkees. INTRA-STATE WAR #816: Anti-Khomeini Coalition War of 1979 to 1983. A Guide to Intra-state Wars: An Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816-2014. SAGE Publications. 2015: 384–386. ISBN 978-1-5063-1798-4.
- ^ Razoux, Pierre. The Iran-Iraq War. Harvard University Press. 2015. Appendix E: Armed Opposition. ISBN 9780674915718.
- ^ 17.0 17.1 Alex Peter Schmid; A. J. Jongman. Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran. Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, & literature. Transaction Publishers. 2005: 579. ISBN 978-1-4128-0469-1.
- ^ Belgin San-Akca. States in Disguise: Causes of State Support for Rebel. Oxford University Press. 2016: 95. ISBN 9780190250904.
For example, the Soviet Union supported the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (KDPI), first against the shah's regime in Iran and then against the religious revolutionary regime. Throughout the Cold War period, the Soviet funds were regularly channeled to the KDPI.
- ^ Entessar, Nader. Kurdish Politics in the Middle East. Lanham: Lexington Books. 2010: 48. ISBN 9780739140390. OCLC 430736528.
Throughout much of the 1980s, the KDPI received aid from the Ba'thi regime of Saddam Hussein, but Ghassemlou broke with Baghdad in 1988 after Iraq used chemical weapons against Kurds in Halabja and then forced Kurdish villagers to...
- ^ David Romano. The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity. Cambridge University Press. 2006: 251. ISBN 9780521684262.
The Iraqi PUK and Iranian KDPI have often assisted each other, and roughly 5,000 Kurdish volunteers from Turkey went to Iran to fight Khomeini's government forces in 1979.
- ^ Andrew Duncan. Iran. Trouble Spots: The World Atlas of Strategic Information. Sutton. 2000. ISBN 9780750921718.
The KDPI and Komala agreed to cooperate in late 1982 and enjoyed two years of military success, but when they split...
- ^ Joseph R. Rudolph Jr. Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts, 2nd Edition [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. 2015: 490. ISBN 9781610695534.
Moreover, in August 2012, the KDPI and the Komala, now led by Abdullah Mohtadi, reached a strategic agreement calling for federalism in Iran to undo the national oppression suffered by the Kurds.
- ^ Zabir, Sepehr. Iran Since the Revolution (RLE Iran D). Taylor & Francis. 2012: 108–110. ISBN 978-1136833007.
- ^ Michael M. Gunter. Historical Dictionary of the Kurds. Scarecrow Press. 2010: 133. ISBN 9780810875074.
During the late 1940s and the early 1950s, the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI) cooperated closely with the Tudeh, or Iranian Communist Party.
- ^ Hussein Tahiri. The Structure of Kurdish Society and the Struggle for a Kurdish State. Bibliotheca Iranica: Kurdish studies series 8. Mazda Publications. 2007: 144. ISBN 9781568591933.
Between 1984 and 1991, the KDPI and Komala fought each other vigorously.
- ^ It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly.PKK- PDKI clash exposes decades of cold war. www.rudaw.net. [2022-04-15]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-21).
- ^ Iran: Kurds and Kurdish political groups. United Kingdom: Home Office, Country Information and Guidance. 2016-07 [2022-11-19]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-23).
- ^ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Buchta, Wilfried, Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic, Washington DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung: 102, 104, 2000, ISBN 978-0-944029-39-8
- ^ Iranian Kurds Return to Arms. Stratfor. 29 July 2016 [29 September 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-07-30).
- ^ 自由之家, Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers: 321, 2011, ISBN 9781442209961
- ^ Prunhuber, Carol. QĀSEMLU, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN. Yarshater, Ehsan (编). 伊朗百科全书. Bibliotheca Persica Press. 2012-02-18 [August 1, 2016]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-14).
- ^ Golnaz Esfandiari. Explainer: What's Behind Sudden Clashes In Northwestern Iran?. 自由欧洲电台/自由电台. 2016-06-29 [29 September 2016]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-24).
- ^ McDowall, David. Tribe or ethnicity? The Mahabad Republic. A Modern History of the Kurds: Third Edition 3rd. I.B.Tauris. 2004: 240–241. ISBN 978-1-85043-416-0.
- ^ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Tamadonfar, Mehran. Civil Society in Iranian Political Life. Islamic Law and Governance in Contemporary Iran: Transcending Islam for Social, Economic, and Political Order. Lexington Books. 2015: 158. ISBN 978-1-4985-0757-8.
- ^ 35.0 35.1 35.2 McDowall, David. Iran: Creating a national movement. A Modern History of the Kurds: Third Edition 3rd. I.B.Tauris. 2004: 249–254. ISBN 978-1-85043-416-0.
- ^ Ghassemlou, A.R. Kurdistan in Iran. Gérard Chaliand (编). A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan. London: Zed Books. 1993: 106–118. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5.
- ^ Praguer Ghassemlou. Yekta Uzunoglu. [2018-07-04]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05) (美国英语).
- ^ 38.0 38.1 Entessar, Nader. The Kurdish Factor in Iran-Iraq Relations. The Middle East Institute. [17 April 2017]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-21).
- ^ Roger Howard. Iran in Crisis?: The Future of the Revolutionary Regime and the US Response. Indiana Series in Middle East Studies. Zed Books. 2004: 185. ISBN 9781842774755.
- ^ Return to Arms: Hadaka. Al Jazeera. 2017-04-26 [2022-11-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-14).