互棱齿象属

互棱齿象属; 化石时期：晚中新世-早更新世Late Miocene至Early Pleistocene PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	互棱齿象（A. arvernensis）骨架化石
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	哺乳纲 Mammalia
目：	长鼻目 Proboscidea
科：	†互棱齿象科 Anancidae
属：	†互棱齿象属 Anancus; Aymard, 1855
种
	A. alexeevae Baigusheva, 1971; A. arvernensis (Croizet and Jobert, 1828) (模式种); A. capensis Sanders, 2007; A. cuneatus Teilhard de Chardin and Trassaert, 1937; A. kazachstanensis Aubekerova, 1974; A. kenyensis MacInnes, 1942; A. lehmanni (Gaziry, 1997); A. osiris Arambourg, 1945; A. perimensis (Falconer and Cautley, 1847); A. petrocchii Coppens, 1965; A. sinensis Hopwood, 1935; A. sivalensis (Cautley, 1836); A. ultimus Sanders, 2011;

互棱齿象属（学名：Anancus）为长鼻目互棱齿象科下已灭绝的一属，生存于中新世晚期至更新世早期（约700-150万年前）的非洲、欧洲与亚洲。

分类学

互棱齿象属为互棱齿象科的模式属，最早由奥古斯特·艾马德（英语：Auguste Aymard）于1855年命名，最早被分类于嵌齿象科下，但在之后由McKenna & Bell (1997)、Kalb & Froelich (1995)、Shoshani & Tassy (2005)改分类至象科。之后Hautier et al. (2009)将互棱齿象属分类于嵌齿象科的互棱齿象亚科下^[1]。近年，互棱齿象属与其他同样原属于嵌齿象科的四棱齿象演化支被移出嵌齿象科并分类至独立的互棱齿象科下^[2]^[3]^[4]。

描述

互棱齿象属肩高可达3米（9.8英尺），体重可达55公吨（4.9长吨；5.5短吨），外型与现存大象近似^[5]，但四肢较短，且具有较长的象牙，最长可达4米（13英尺）^[6]，可能是可用以自我防卫，和现今的大象类似^[7]^[8]。互棱齿象的臼齿和现今的大象不同，不具有皱褶，而是具有牙尖，类似于貘或猪的臼齿。互棱齿象栖息于森林，推测它们是以树和灌木还有挖掘地下的块茎与块根为食，当森林逐渐被草原取代时，互棱齿象也走向灭绝^[6]；然而从300-400万年前埃塞俄比亚互棱齿象牙齿化石珐琅质中的碳同位素分析却显示，它们主要是以C4类植物为食^[9]。

图库

互棱齿象下颚化石
互棱齿象（Anancus arvernensis）下颚化石，发现于意大利第四纪地层
互棱齿象（Anancus arvernensis）臼齿化石

参考文献

^ Hautier, Lionel; Mackaye, Hassane Taisso; Lihoreau, Fabrice; Tassy, Pascal; Vignaud, Patrick; Brunet, Michel. New material of Anancus kenyensis (proboscidea, mammalia) from Toros-Menalla (Late Miocene, Chad): Contribution to the systematics of African anancines. Journal of African Earth Sciences. March 2009, 53 (4–5): 171–176. Bibcode:2009JAfES..53..171H. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.01.003.
^ Shoshani, Jeheskel; Tassy, Pascal. Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior. Quaternary International. January 2005,. 126-128: 5–20. Bibcode:2005QuInt.126....5S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.011.
^ Shoshani, J.; Tassy, P. Summary, conclusions, and a glimpse into the future. Shoshani, Jeheskel; Tassy, Pascal (编). The Proboscidea: Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives. Oxford University Press. 1996: 335–348. ISBN 978-0-19-854652-8.
^ Mothé, Dimila; Ferretti, Marco P.; Avilla, Leonardo S. The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha. PLOS ONE. 12 January 2016, 11 (1): e0147009. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147009M. PMC 4710528 . PMID 26756209. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147009.
^ http://donsmaps.com/mastodon.html （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Mastodons and related early elephants
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Palmer, D. (编). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. 1999: 241. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
^ The Free Dictionary: Tusks. [2021-08-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-31）.
^ Upali.ch Elephants in Zoo and Circus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Teeth, second dentition, tusks.
^ Levin, Naomi E.; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Frost, Stephen R.; Saylor, Beverly Z. Dietary change among hominins and cercopithecids in Ethiopia during the early Pliocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 6 October 2015, 112 (40): 12304–12309. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11212304L. PMC 4603467 . PMID 26371308. S2CID 205272461. doi:10.1073/pnas.1424982112.

Benes, Josef. Prehistoric Animals and Plants. Prague: Artua. 1979: 263.

[1] Hautier, Lionel; Mackaye, Hassane Taisso; Lihoreau, Fabrice; Tassy, Pascal; Vignaud, Patrick; Brunet, Michel. New material of Anancus kenyensis (proboscidea, mammalia) from Toros-Menalla (Late Miocene, Chad): Contribution to the systematics of African anancines. Journal of African Earth Sciences. March 2009, 53 (4–5): 171–176. Bibcode:2009JAfES..53..171H. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.01.003.

[2] Shoshani, Jeheskel; Tassy, Pascal. Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior. Quaternary International. January 2005,. 126-128: 5–20. Bibcode:2005QuInt.126....5S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.011.

[3] Shoshani, J.; Tassy, P. Summary, conclusions, and a glimpse into the future. Shoshani, Jeheskel; Tassy, Pascal (编). The Proboscidea: Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives. Oxford University Press. 1996: 335–348. ISBN 978-0-19-854652-8.

[4] Mothé, Dimila; Ferretti, Marco P.; Avilla, Leonardo S. The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha. PLOS ONE. 12 January 2016, 11 (1): e0147009. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147009M. PMC 4710528 . PMID 26756209. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147009.

[5] ttp://donsmaps.com/mastodon.html （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Mastodons and related early elephants

[EoDP-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Palmer, D. (编). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. 1999: 241. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.

[7] The Free Dictionary: Tusks. [2021-08-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-31）.

[8] Upali.ch Elephants in Zoo and Circus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Teeth, second dentition, tusks.

[levin-9] Levin, Naomi E.; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Frost, Stephen R.; Saylor, Beverly Z. Dietary change among hominins and cercopithecids in Ethiopia during the early Pliocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 6 October 2015, 112 (40): 12304–12309. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11212304L. PMC 4603467 . PMID 26371308. S2CID 205272461. doi:10.1073/pnas.1424982112.

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