根岸偶联反应

根岸偶联反应（英语：Negishi coupling）是一个有机反应。该反应中，有机锌试剂与卤代烃在镍或钯的配合物的催化下发生偶联，生成一个新的C－C键^[1]^[2]：

其中，

卤素 X 可以是氯、溴或碘，也可以是其它的基团，如三氟甲磺酰基或乙酰氧基，而基团 R 则可以是烯基、芳基、烯丙基、炔基或炔丙基（英语：propargyl）；
卤素 X' 同样可以是氯、溴或碘，R' 则可以是烯基、芳基、烯丙基或者烷基；
催化剂中的金属 M 可以是镍或者钯；
配体 L 可以是三苯基膦，dppe，BINAP或者双(二苯基膦)丁烷。

用含钯催化剂时，通常产率较高，对官能团的耐受性也比较好。

该反应以日本化学家根岸英一（日语：根岸英一／ねぎしえいいち^{Negishi Ei-ichi}）命名，根岸凭借此贡献得到了2010年诺贝尔化学奖。

反应机理

在这个反应中具有催化活性的是零价的金属（M⁰）。反应整体上经过了卤代烃对金属的氧化加成、金属转移与还原消除这三步：

卤化烃基锌与二烃基锌都可以作为反应物。对模型化合物的研究发现，在金属转移一步中，前者会生成顺式的络合物从而能很快地发生还原消除的后续步骤，生成产物。而后者则会生成反式的络合物，必须经过缓慢的顺反异构体异构化过程^[3]。

最新进展

Negishi偶联反应在最近的多个合成中有应用，包括从2-溴吡啶合成2,2'-联吡啶（所用的催化剂为四(三苯基膦)合钯(0)）^[4]，从邻甲苯基氯化锌和邻位取代的碘苯（仍以四(三苯基膦)合钯(0)作催化剂）合成联苯衍生物^[5]，以及从1-癸炔与(Z)-1-碘-1-己烯合成5,7-十六碳二烯^[6]。

Negishi偶联还用于六(二茂铁)苯的合成，如下式所示^[7]：

这个反应用六碘苯与双(二茂铁)锌为原料，以三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0)（英语：tris(dibenzylideneactone)dipalladium(0)）作催化剂，在四氢呋喃中反应。产率仅为4%，这与芳环周围的位阻有关。

Negishi反应的一种最新的变化形式是先用2-氯-2-苯基苯乙酮1来氧化钯，生成含有OPdCl基团的钯配合物。该化合物随后发生双金属转移反应，接受分别来自有机锌试剂2和有机锡试剂3的两个烃基，如下式所示^[8]：

外部链接

organic-chemistry.org上的Negishi偶联反应（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
根岸偶联反应（Negishi coupling）（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

参考文献

^ Anthony O. King, Nobuhisa Okukado and Ei-ichi Negishi. Highly general stereo-, regio-, and chemo-selective synthesis of terminal and internal conjugated enynes by the Pd-catalysed reaction of alkynylzinc reagents with alkenyl halides. Journal of the Chemical Society Chemical Communications. 1977: 683. doi:10.1039/C39770000683.
^ Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis Laszlo Kurti, Barbara Czako Academic Press (March 4, 2005) ISBN 0-12-429785-4
^ Juan A. Casares, Pablo Espinet, Beatriz Fuentes, and Gorka Salas. Insights into the Mechanism of the Negishi Reaction: ZnRX versus ZnR2 Reagents. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2007, 129: 3508. doi:10.1021/ja070235b.
^ Adam P. Smith, Scott A. Savage, J. Christopher Love, and Cassandra L. Fraser (2004). "Synthesis of 4-, 5-, and 6-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine by a Negishi cross-coupling strategy: 5-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 10: 517.
^ Ei-Ichi Negishi, Tamotsu Takahashi, and Anthony O. K (1993). "Synthesis of biaryls via palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling: 2-methyl-4'-nitrobiphenyl". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 8: 430.
^ Ei-Ichi Negishi, Tamotsu Takahashi, and Shigeru Baba (1993). "Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of conjugated dienes". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 8: 295.
^ Yong Yu, Andrew D. Bond, Philip W. Leonard, Ulrich J. Lorenz, Tatiana V. Timofeeva, K. Peter C. Vollhardt, Glenn D. Whitener and Andrey A. Yakovenko. Hexaferrocenylbenzene. Chemical Communications. 2006: 2572. doi:10.1039/b604844g.
^ Yingsheng Zhao, Haibo Wang, Xiaohui Hou, Yanhe Hu, Aiwen Lei, Heng Zhang, and Lizheng Zhu. Oxidative Cross-Coupling through Double Transmetallation: Surprisingly High Selectivity for Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Alkylzinc and Alkynylstannanes. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2006, 128: 15048. doi:10.1021/ja0647351.

[1] Anthony O. King, Nobuhisa Okukado and Ei-ichi Negishi. Highly general stereo-, regio-, and chemo-selective synthesis of terminal and internal conjugated enynes by the Pd-catalysed reaction of alkynylzinc reagents with alkenyl halides. Journal of the Chemical Society Chemical Communications. 1977: 683. doi:10.1039/C39770000683.

[2] Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis Laszlo Kurti, Barbara Czako Academic Press (March 4, 2005) ISBN 0-12-429785-4

[3] Juan A. Casares, Pablo Espinet, Beatriz Fuentes, and Gorka Salas. Insights into the Mechanism of the Negishi Reaction: ZnRX versus ZnR2 Reagents. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2007, 129: 3508. doi:10.1021/ja070235b.

[4] Adam P. Smith, Scott A. Savage, J. Christopher Love, and Cassandra L. Fraser (2004). "Synthesis of 4-, 5-, and 6-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine by a Negishi cross-coupling strategy: 5-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 10: 517.

[5] Ei-Ichi Negishi, Tamotsu Takahashi, and Anthony O. K (1993). "Synthesis of biaryls via palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling: 2-methyl-4'-nitrobiphenyl". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 8: 430.

[6] Ei-Ichi Negishi, Tamotsu Takahashi, and Shigeru Baba (1993). "Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of conjugated dienes". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 8: 295.

[7] Yong Yu, Andrew D. Bond, Philip W. Leonard, Ulrich J. Lorenz, Tatiana V. Timofeeva, K. Peter C. Vollhardt, Glenn D. Whitener and Andrey A. Yakovenko. Hexaferrocenylbenzene. Chemical Communications. 2006: 2572. doi:10.1039/b604844g.

[8] Yingsheng Zhao, Haibo Wang, Xiaohui Hou, Yanhe Hu, Aiwen Lei, Heng Zhang, and Lizheng Zhu. Oxidative Cross-Coupling through Double Transmetallation: Surprisingly High Selectivity for Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Alkylzinc and Alkynylstannanes. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2006, 128: 15048. doi:10.1021/ja0647351.

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