镰孢菌属

镰刀菌属
	轮枝镰刀菌 Fusarium verticillioides
科学分类
界：	真菌界 Fungi
门：	子囊菌门 Ascomycota
纲：	粪壳菌纲 Sordariomycetes
目：	肉座菌目 Hypocreales
科：	丛赤壳科 Nectriaceae
属：	镰刀菌属 Fusarium; Link (1809)
种
	镰刀菌属菌种列表

镰孢菌属（学名：Fusarium）也称镰刀菌属，是一个庞大的菌丝型真菌的属分类，其中部分成员通常被分类为丝孢菌，广泛分布于土壤中并与植物交互作用。此属绝大部分种类是无害的腐生菌，在土壤微生物相中数量丰富。有些寄生在谷类作物中的种类会产生炼霉菌毒素，若进入食物链中会影响人类和动物的健康。镰孢菌属最主要产生的毒素为伏马菌素和单端孢霉烯族毒素，虽然绝大多数的种类显然是无害的，有些镰孢菌种和亚种族群是最重要的动植物真菌性病害之病原菌。

分类

本属的分类很复杂，有很多不同的分类系统，根据广义与狭义的菌种分类定义，已经达到过千的种类被归类完成。

根据演化学研究，本属内有七个主要分枝。

下属分类

各种分类方法已经将该属细分成亚属和节。然而节和演化树之间的关系非常薄弱。

Arachnites
Arthrosporiella
Discolour
Elegans
Eupionnotes
Gibbosum
Lateritium
Liseola
Martiella
Ventricosum
Roseum
Spicarioides
Sporotrichiella

种

本属包括以下物种：

镰刀菌属菌种列表

Fusarium abutilonis Gräfenhan, Nirenberg & Seifert 2022
Fusarium aconidiale L. Lombard & Crous 2021
Fusarium acutatum Nirenberg & O'Donnell 2021
Fusarium addoense (Sand.-Den. & Guarnaccia) T. Aoki, Geiser & O'Donnell 2021
Fusarium aglaonematis Y.X. Zhang, C. Chen & Manawas. 2022
蛇形镰孢 Fusarium anguioides Sherb. 1915
花腐链孢 Fusarium anthophilum (A. Braun) Wollenw. 1916
水生镰孢 Fusarium aquaeductuum (Rabenh. & Radlk.) Sacc. 1891
节孢状镰孢 Fusarium arthrosporioides Sherb. 1915
燕麦镰孢 Fusarium avenaceum
(Corda ex Fr.) Sacc.，燕麦镰刀菌
- 燕麦镰孢蚕豆专化型 Fusarium avenaceum f.sp. fabae (Yu) Yumamoto
Fusarium azukicola ^[1]
布比水杨镰刀 Fusarium bubigeum
松穴子镰孢 Fusarium cavispermum Corda, 1837
厚垣镰孢菌 Fusarium chlamydosporum Wollenw. & Reinking
细长镰孢 Fusarium ciliatum
Link, 1825
- 松树脂溃疡病菌 Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg et O'Donnell
深蓝镰孢 Fusarium coeruleum Lib. ex Sacc., 1886
同色镰孢 Fusarium concolor Reinking, 1934
大刀镰孢 Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Sm.) Sacc., 1892，黄色镰孢，黄色镰刀菌
双孢镰孢 Fusarium dimerum Penzig
杂色镰孢 Fusarium diversisporum Sherb. 1915
Fusarium euwallaceae ^[2]
暗黄镰孢 Fusarium flavum (Fr.) Wollenw. 1931
大豆生镰孢 Fusarium glycinicola L. Zhao & J.X. Deng
禾赤镰孢 Fusarium graminearum Corda 1837，禾谷镰孢、禾谷镰刀菌
爪哇镰孢 Fusarium javanicum Koord
乳酸镰孢 Fusarium lactis Pirotta, 1879
朗塞斯镰刀菌 Fusarium langsethiae
砖红镰孢 Fusarium lateritium Nees
芒果镰孢 Fusarium mangiferae Britz, M.J.Wingf. & Marasas，芒果畸形病病原菌
节状镰孢 Fusarium merismoides Corda, 1838
Fusarium miscanthi W.Gams, Klamer & O'Donnell, 1999^[3]
串珠镰孢 Fusarium moniliforme
Sheld.
- 串珠镰孢中间变种 Fusarium moniliforme var. intermedium Neish et leggett.
幼角镰孢 Fusarium neoceras Wollenw. & Reinking 1925
雪腐镰孢 Fusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces.
尖孢镰刀菌 Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.，尖镰孢，尖孢镰孢
层出镰刀菌 Fusarium proliferatum
早熟禾镰孢 Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw. 1913，梨孢镰刀菌
Fusarium praegraminearum Gräfenhan & O'Donnell, 2016^[4]
Fusarium pseudograminearum O'Donnell & T.Aoki, 1999
芳香镰孢 Fusarium redolens Wollenw. 1913
粉红镰孢 Fusarium roseum (LK.) Snyder et Hansen
蔷薇生镰孢 Fusarium rosicola Lin Huang et al.
肤色镰孢 Fusarium sarcochroum (Desm.) Sacc. 1882
接骨木镰孢 Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel.
半裸镰孢 Fusarium semitectum Berk. et Rav.
Fusarium sinensis L.Zhao & J.X.Deng, 2022^[5]
茄类镰孢 Fusarium solani
(Mart.)Sacc.
- 茄类镰孢甘薯专化型 Fusarium sonali f.sp. batatas McClure
- 茄类镰孢蚕豆专化型 Fusarium sonali f.sp. fabae Yu et Feng
- 茄类镰孢菜豆专化型 Fusarium sonali f.sp. phaseoli (Burkh.) Snyder et Hansen
- 茄类镰孢豌豆专化型 Fusarium sonali f.sp. pisi (Jonse) Snyder et Hansen
拟枝孢镰孢 Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb. 1915
Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw. & Reinking) P.E.Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas, 1983，为Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg的异名^[6]
Fusarium temperatum Scaufl. & Munaut, 2011^[6]
三线镰孢 Fusarium tricinctum
(Corde) Sacc.，三线镰刀菌
- 南美大豆猝死综合症病菌 Fusarium tucumaniae T.Aoki, O’Donnell, Yos.Homma et Lattanzi
Fusarium xyrophilum I.Laraba, K.J.Wurdack, Aime & O'Donnell^[7]

命名学

镰孢菌的名称来源为拉丁文中的fuscus，意即纺缍。

病原菌

该属包括一些经济上重要的植物致病物种。如果雨季延期，禾谷镰刀菌通常会感染麦类。这对麦类在酒类和酿造工业以及饲料具有经济冲击。麦类中的镰刀菌污染可产生赤霉病害，并且在极度污染的情况下呈现粉红色。而麦类和玉米病原体的基因组已经被解序。镰孢菌也会引起根腐病和幼苗枯萎病。美国在1991至1996年间，大麦和小麦作物因为此类病害的总损失估计为30亿美元。

尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型（Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense）是引起黄叶病的真菌植物病原菌，也被称为香蕉枯萎病或巴拿马香蕉病。巴拿马香蕉病影响范围广泛的香蕉品种，以出芽的形式无性繁殖，因此具有很少的遗传多样性。巴拿马病是近代最具毁灭性的植物病害之一，并导致曾经占主导地位的大米七香蕉在市场上消失。最近的一种菌株也会影响替代大米七香蕉的香芽蕉。普遍认为这种感病性不可避免地会在全球蔓延，并也使香芽蕉在市场上消失，且目前还没有可接受的替代品。

尖孢镰刀菌水仙专化型（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. narcissi）会导致水仙球茎的腐烂并使水仙(水仙)叶片黄化。

在人体内

有些种类可能会对人类造成伺机性感染。在正常免疫系统的人类中，此真菌可能会感染指甲（甲毛癣）或角膜（真菌性角膜炎）。Fusarium solanicomplex, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium verticillioides, 层出镰刀菌（Fusarium proliferatum）和其他稀有的真菌种类，在特定人类免疫系统疾病中（噬中性白血球缺乏症），具有侵袭性的真菌性感染会贯穿、布满整个人体和血液系统（具传染性感染）。^[8]

参考文献

^ Takayuki Aoki, Fumio Tanaka, Haruhisa Suga, Mitsuro Hyakumachi, María Mercedes Scandiani & Kerry O'Donnell (2012) Fusarium azukicola sp. nov., an exotic azuki bean root-rot pathogen in Hokkaido, Japan, Mycologia, 104:5, 1068-1084, DOI: 10.3852/11-303
^ S. Freeman, M. Sharon, M. Maymon, Z. Mendel, A. Protasov, T. Aoki, A. Eskalen & K. O’Donnell (2013) Fusarium euwallaceae sp. nov.—a symbiotic fungus of Euwallacea sp., an invasive ambrosia beetle in Israel and California, Mycologia, 105:6, 1595-1606, DOI: 10.3852/13-066
^ W. Gams, M. Klamer & K. O'donnell (1999) Fusarium miscanthi sp. nov. from Miscanthus litter, Mycologia, 91:2, 263-268, DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1999.12061016
^ Tom Gräfenhan, Peter R. Johnston, Martha M. Vaughan, Susan P. McCormick, Robert H. Proctor, Mark Busman, Todd J. Ward & Kerry O’Donnell (2016) Fusarium praegraminearum sp. nov., a novel nivalenol mycotoxin-producing pathogen from New Zealand can induce head blight on wheat, Mycologia, 108:6, 1229-1239, DOI: 10.3852/16-110
^ Zhi-hui Zhao & Guo-zhong Lu (2008) Fusarium sinensis sp. nov., a new species from wheat in China, Mycologia, 100:5, 746-751, DOI: 10.3852/07-151
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Jonathan Scauflaire, Mélanie Gourgue & Françoise Munaut (2011) Fusarium temperatum sp. nov. from maize, an emergent species closely related to Fusarium subglutinans, Mycologia, 103:3, 586-597, DOI: 10.3852/10-135
^ Imane Laraba, Hye-Seon Kim, Robert H. Proctor, Mark Busman, Kerry O’Donnell, Frederick C. Felker, M. Catherine Aime, Rachel A. Koch & Kenneth J. Wurdack (2020) Fusarium xyrophilum, sp. nov., a member of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex recovered from pseudoflowers on yellow-eyed grass (Xyris spp.) from Guyana, Mycologia, 112:1, 39-51, DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1668991
^ Howard DH. Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals 2nd. Marcel Dekker. 2003. ISBN 0-8247-0683-8. (via Google Books).

[1] Takayuki Aoki, Fumio Tanaka, Haruhisa Suga, Mitsuro Hyakumachi, María Mercedes Scandiani & Kerry O'Donnell (2012) Fusarium azukicola sp. nov., an exotic azuki bean root-rot pathogen in Hokkaido, Japan, Mycologia, 104:5, 1068-1084, DOI: 10.3852/11-303

[2] S. Freeman, M. Sharon, M. Maymon, Z. Mendel, A. Protasov, T. Aoki, A. Eskalen & K. O’Donnell (2013) Fusarium euwallaceae sp. nov.—a symbiotic fungus of Euwallacea sp., an invasive ambrosia beetle in Israel and California, Mycologia, 105:6, 1595-1606, DOI: 10.3852/13-066

[3] W. Gams, M. Klamer & K. O'donnell (1999) Fusarium miscanthi sp. nov. from Miscanthus litter, Mycologia, 91:2, 263-268, DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1999.12061016

[4] Tom Gräfenhan, Peter R. Johnston, Martha M. Vaughan, Susan P. McCormick, Robert H. Proctor, Mark Busman, Todd J. Ward & Kerry O’Donnell (2016) Fusarium praegraminearum sp. nov., a novel nivalenol mycotoxin-producing pathogen from New Zealand can induce head blight on wheat, Mycologia, 108:6, 1229-1239, DOI: 10.3852/16-110

[5] Zhi-hui Zhao & Guo-zhong Lu (2008) Fusarium sinensis sp. nov., a new species from wheat in China, Mycologia, 100:5, 746-751, DOI: 10.3852/07-151

[Scauflaire-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Jonathan Scauflaire, Mélanie Gourgue & Françoise Munaut (2011) Fusarium temperatum sp. nov. from maize, an emergent species closely related to Fusarium subglutinans, Mycologia, 103:3, 586-597, DOI: 10.3852/10-135

[7] Imane Laraba, Hye-Seon Kim, Robert H. Proctor, Mark Busman, Kerry O’Donnell, Frederick C. Felker, M. Catherine Aime, Rachel A. Koch & Kenneth J. Wurdack (2020) Fusarium xyrophilum, sp. nov., a member of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex recovered from pseudoflowers on yellow-eyed grass (Xyris spp.) from Guyana, Mycologia, 112:1, 39-51, DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1668991

[Howard-8] Howard DH. Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals 2nd. Marcel Dekker. 2003. ISBN 0-8247-0683-8. (via Google Books).

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