演化错配

演化错配或演化不匹配 (英语：Evolutionary mismatch)，是一个指演化生物学的概念，指出本来对生物有利的特征，因着环境改变，特别是在环境快速改后后，变成不利的特征。^[1]^[2]

环境改变可以是时间性(例如气候变化)或空间性(例如迁移)。环境改变是自然且不断发生，导致有不少演化错配的例子，但大规模的自然环境改变，一般很少发生。不过，自人类科技急速发展，也导致越来越多演化错配的问题出现。

人类的演化错配

新石器革命带来人类演化上的改变，由狩猎社会，变成农业社会，而然，人体仍然适应以前的生活为主。由于人类的技术发展比人体演化快，导致人体很多身体的机制或特征，由有利变成不利。^[3]^[4]^[5]

肥胖问题

人体倾向于维持体内平衡^[6]，特别是在储存脂肪时。这项特征是“节俭基因假说”，这假说认为“人类在化发展过程中，自然会选择那些身体能够有效利用食物热量，当有盛宴时会储存能量和脂肪，以备饥荒时使用”。这生命特征，在过去生活在环境压力下的狩猎采集者中受益。因下一餐的时间不确定，而且他们会花大部分时间进行高水准的体力活动，因此，必需将多余的能量储存为脂肪，以便在饥饿时利用。

然而，现代人类已经进化到一个久坐的生活方式，且非常方便获得食品，因而导致肥胖及出现代谢症候群。^[7]

卫生假说

卫生假说是一种医学假说，指童年时因缺少接触传染源、共生微生物（如胃肠道菌群、益生菌）与寄生虫，从而抑制了免疫系统的正常发展，进而增加了罹患过敏性疾病的可能性。一些研究人员认为，过度消毒的环境条件会导致发炎性慢性疾病的发展，因为人体在演化史上，人类已经选择适应含有很多病原体的环境。研究表明，我们的共生群落的变化会导致免疫稳态紊乱，^[8]^[9]^[10]

参考

^ Lloyd, Elisabeth; Wilson, David Sloan; Sober, Elliott. Evolutionary Mismatch And What To Do About It: A Basic Tutorial. Evolutionary Applications. 2011: 2–4.
^ Lean, Judith L.; Rind, David H. How Natural and Anthropogenic Influences Alter Global and Regional Surface Temperatures: 1889 to 2006. Geophysical Research Letters. 2008, 35 (18): L1870116 September 2008. Bibcode:2008GeoRL..3518701L. doi:10.1029/2008GL034864 .
^ Cordain, Loren; Eaton, S Boyd; Sebastian, Anthony; Mann, Neil; Lindeberg, Staffan; Watkins, Bruce A; O’Keefe, James H; Brand-Miller, Janette. Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1 February 2005, 81 (2): 341–354. PMID 15699220. doi:10.1093/ajcn.81.2.341 .
^ Barker, Graeme. The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why Did Foragers Become Farmers?. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006: 1.
^ Li, Norman P.; van Vugt, Mark; Colarelli, Stephen M. The Evolutionary Mismatch Hypothesis: Implications for Psychological Science. Current Directions in Psychological Science. February 2018, 27 (1): 38–44. doi:10.1177/0963721417731378 . hdl:1871.1/a69ee419-becb-4cb9-984a-4bddd36a2b11 .
^ Power, Michael L.; Schulkin, Jay. The Evolution of Obesity. JHU Press. 2013-01-02. ISBN 9781421409603 （英语）.
^ Alvergne, Alexandra; Jenkinson, Crispin; Faurie, Charlotte. Evolutionary Thinking in Medicine – Springer. 2016. ISBN 978-3-319-29714-9. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29716-3.
^ Garn, Holger; Renz, Harald. Epidemiological and immunological evidence for the hygiene hypothesis. Immunobiology. 2007, 212 (6): 441–452. PMID 17544829. doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2007.03.006.
^ Prokopakis, Emmanuel; Vardouniotis, Alexios; Kawauchi, Hideyuki; Scadding, Glenis; Georgalas, Christos; Hellings, Peter; Velegrakis, George; Kalogjera, Livije. The pathophysiology of the hygiene hypothesis. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2013, 77 (7): 1065–1071. PMID 23701898. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.04.036.
^ Sironi, Manuela; Clerici, Mario. The hygiene hypothesis: an evolutionary perspective. Microbes and Infection. 2010-06-01, 12 (6): 421–427. PMID 20178858. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2010.02.002 .

参见

[:0-1] Lloyd, Elisabeth; Wilson, David Sloan; Sober, Elliott. Evolutionary Mismatch And What To Do About It: A Basic Tutorial. Evolutionary Applications. 2011: 2–4.

[2] Lean, Judith L.; Rind, David H. How Natural and Anthropogenic Influences Alter Global and Regional Surface Temperatures: 1889 to 2006. Geophysical Research Letters. 2008, 35 (18): L1870116 September 2008. Bibcode:2008GeoRL..3518701L. doi:10.1029/2008GL034864 .

[:1-3] Cordain, Loren; Eaton, S Boyd; Sebastian, Anthony; Mann, Neil; Lindeberg, Staffan; Watkins, Bruce A; O’Keefe, James H; Brand-Miller, Janette. Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1 February 2005, 81 (2): 341–354. PMID 15699220. doi:10.1093/ajcn.81.2.341 .

[4] Barker, Graeme. The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why Did Foragers Become Farmers?. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006: 1.

[Li-5] Li, Norman P.; van Vugt, Mark; Colarelli, Stephen M. The Evolutionary Mismatch Hypothesis: Implications for Psychological Science. Current Directions in Psychological Science. February 2018, 27 (1): 38–44. doi:10.1177/0963721417731378 . hdl:1871.1/a69ee419-becb-4cb9-984a-4bddd36a2b11 .

[6] Power, Michael L.; Schulkin, Jay. The Evolution of Obesity. JHU Press. 2013-01-02. ISBN 9781421409603 （英语）.

[7] Alvergne, Alexandra; Jenkinson, Crispin; Faurie, Charlotte. Evolutionary Thinking in Medicine – Springer. 2016. ISBN 978-3-319-29714-9. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29716-3.

[8] Garn, Holger; Renz, Harald. Epidemiological and immunological evidence for the hygiene hypothesis. Immunobiology. 2007, 212 (6): 441–452. PMID 17544829. doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2007.03.006.

[9] Prokopakis, Emmanuel; Vardouniotis, Alexios; Kawauchi, Hideyuki; Scadding, Glenis; Georgalas, Christos; Hellings, Peter; Velegrakis, George; Kalogjera, Livije. The pathophysiology of the hygiene hypothesis. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2013, 77 (7): 1065–1071. PMID 23701898. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.04.036.

[Hygiene-10] Sironi, Manuela; Clerici, Mario. The hygiene hypothesis: an evolutionary perspective. Microbes and Infection. 2010-06-01, 12 (6): 421–427. PMID 20178858. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2010.02.002 .

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