尼古丁依赖
（重定向自菸癮）
尼古丁依赖[1]（烟瘾）是一种慢性、复发性疾病。患有此类疾病的患者会非常渴望服用尼古丁，并对尼古丁有害健康的问题视而不见[2]。尼古丁是一种拟交感神经兴奋剂[3]，能附着在大脑中的尼古丁乙酰胆碱受体上[4]。由于长期使用尼古丁，大脑犒赏系统内的神经可塑性发生变化，因而产生尼古丁依赖[1][5][6]世界上大约有9.76亿烟民[7]。随着时间的推移，尼古丁依赖的严重程度会随着一个人持续服用尼古丁而日益加深[8]。
尼古丁依赖是一个严峻的公共卫生问题，因为烟草中含有大量尼古丁，而烟民数量庞大。截至2021年，世界上大约有9.76亿烟民。此外焦虑症患者也越来越依赖尼古丁。[9]因此尼古丁依赖是造成人类死亡的主要原因之一[10]。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 D'Souza MS, Markou A. Neuronal mechanisms underlying development of nicotine dependence: implications for novel smoking-cessation treatments. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2011, 6 (1): 4–16. PMC 3188825
. PMID 22003417.D'Souza MS, Markou A (2011). "Neuronal mechanisms underlying development of nicotine dependence: implications for novel smoking-cessation treatments". Addict Sci Clin Pract. 6 (1): 4–16. PMC 3188825. PMID 22003417.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
- ^ Falcone, Mary; Lee, Bridgin; Lerman, Caryn; Blendy, Julie A. Translational Research on Nicotine Dependence. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences 28. 2015: 121–150. ISBN 978-3-319-33911-5. ISSN 1866-3370. PMC 3579204 . PMID 26873019. doi:10.1007/7854_2015_5005.
- ^ Richard Beebe; Jeff Myers. Professional Paramedic, Volume I: Foundations of Paramedic Care. Cengage Learning. 19 July 2012: 640– [2021-04-16]. ISBN 978-1-133-71465-1. （原始内容存档于2020-05-18）.
- ^ Bullen, Christopher. Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation. Current Cardiology Reports. 2014, 16 (11): 538 [2021-04-16]. ISSN 1523-3782. PMID 25303892. doi:10.1007/s11886-014-0538-8. （原始内容存档于2021-05-16）.
- ^ Saccone, NL; Culverhouse, RC; Schwantes-An, TH; Cannon, DS; Chen, X; Cichon, S; Giegling, I; Han, S; Han, Y. Multiple independent loci at chromosome 15q25.1 affect smoking quantity: a meta-analysis and comparison with lung cancer and COPD.. PLOS Genetics. 5 August 2010, 6 (8): e1001053. PMC 2916847 . PMID 20700436. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001053.
- ^ Fiore, MC; Jaen, CR; Baker, TB; et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update (PDF). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service. 2008 [2016-09-02]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-27）.
- ^ Ng, M; Freeman, MK; Fleming, TD; Robinson, M; Dwyer-Lindgren, L; Thomson, B; Wollum, A; Sanman, E; Wulf, S. Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980-2012.. JAMA. 8 January 2014, 311 (2): 183–92. PMID 24399557. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284692.
- ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking: Nicotine addiction: A report of the Surgeon General (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Health Promotion and Education, Office on Smoking and Health. DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 88-8406. 1988 [2021-04-16]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-08-02）.
- ^ Moylan, Steven; Jacka, Felice N; Pasco, Julie A; Berk, Michael. Cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of population-based, epidemiological studies. BMC Medicine. 2012, 10 (1): 123. ISSN 1741-7015. PMC 3523047 . PMID 23083451. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-123.
- ^ Rachid, Fady. Neurostimulation techniques in the treatment of nicotine dependence: A review. The American Journal on Addictions. 2016, 25 (6): 436–451. ISSN 1055-0496. PMID 27442267. doi:10.1111/ajad.12405.
