埃尔·格列柯

埃尔·格列柯
《一名老人的肖像》（推测为埃尔·格列柯之自画像），约1595年–1600年，油彩 / 帆布，52.7 × 46.7 cm，美国纽约大都会艺术博物馆
出生	多米尼克·提托克波洛斯 Doménikos Theotokópoulos 1541年 威尼斯共和国克里特
逝世	1614年4月7日（72–73岁） 西班牙托雷多
国籍	西班牙 / 希腊
知名于	绘画、雕塑、建筑
知名作品	《脱掉基督的外衣》 (1577–1579) 《圣母升天》 (1577–1579) 《欧贵兹伯爵的葬礼》 (1586–1588) 《托利多风景》 (1596–1600) 《圣马丁与乞丐》(1597-1599) 《揭开第五印》 (1608–1614)
运动	矫饰主义
影响于 巴勃罗·毕加索

埃尔·格列柯（西班牙语：El Greco，1541年—1614年4月7日），西班牙文艺复兴时期画家、雕塑家与建筑家。“埃尔·格列柯”在西班牙文中意为“希腊人”，是依格列柯的希腊血统而取的别名；格列柯在画作上通常署名以希腊文本名多米尼克·提托克波洛斯（希腊语：Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος，西班牙语：Doménikos Theotokópoulos）。

格列柯出生于后拜占庭艺术时期的克里特，当时为威尼斯共和国所治理。他原受传统绘画教育，直到26岁时，和许多希腊艺术家一样，动身前往威尼斯旅行后画风丕变。1570年，格列柯迁居至罗马，在当地经营一间工作坊、创作了一系列的作品。在此期间，格列柯受到威尼斯文艺复兴的薰染，在画风中融入了矫饰主义。1577年，他转往西班牙托雷多发展，直到逝世。在托雷多，格列柯接受了些许重要的委托，并创作出他最著名的画作。

格列柯兼具戏剧性与表现主义的画风在当代并不受宠，但在20世纪获肯。格列柯被公认是表现主义及立体主义先驱。格列柯被现代学者视为一极与众不同、具高度个人色彩的艺术家，不属任何传统流派。他的画作以弯曲瘦长的身形为特色，用色怪诞而变幻无常，融合了拜占庭传统与西方绘画风格。

著名作品

• 
  天使报喜
• 
  慈善圣母
• 
  圣母无原罪
• 
  基督将货币兑换者赶出圣殿
• 
  基督使盲人复明
• 
  救世主基督
• 
  拉奥孔
• 
  手放在胸前的贵族
• 
  圣方济各接受圣痕
• 
  圣哲罗姆
• 
  圣哲罗姆
• 
  弗雷·霍坦西奥·费利克斯·帕拉维奇诺
• 
  比萨的弗朗西斯科博士肖像
• 
  有胡须者的肖像

参考文献

出版资料 (书与文章)

• Acton, Mary. Learning to Look at Paintings. 牛津大学出版. 1991. ISBN 0-521-40107-0. 
• Allardyce, Isabel. Our Lady of Charity, at Illescas. Historic Shrines of Spain 1912. 基辛格出版. 2003. ISBN 0-7661-3621-3. 
• Álvarez Lopera, José. El Greco: From Crete to Toledo (Sofia Giannetsou 譯自希臘文). in M. Tazartes' "El Greco". Explorer. 2005. ISBN 960-7945-83-2. 
• Anstis, Stuart. Was El Greco Astigmatic (PDF). Leonardo. 2002, 35 (2): 208 [2010-01-08]. doi:10.1162/00240940252940612. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2007-07-04）. 
• Arslan, Edoardo. Cronisteria del Greco Madonnero. Commentari. 1964, xv (5): 213–231. 
• Boubli, Lizzie. Michelangelo and Spain: on the Dissemination of his Draughtmanship. Reactions to the Master edited by Francis Ames-Lewis and Paul Joannides. 阿什盖特出版有限公司. 2003. ISBN 0-7546-0807-7. 
• Braham, Allan. Two Notes on El Greco and Michelangelo. Burlington Magazine (伯林顿杂志出版有限公司). June 1966, 108 (759): 307–310. 
• Bray, Xavier. El Greco. 国家美术馆公司，伦敦. 2004. ISBN 1857093151. 
• Brown, Jonathan (ed.). El Greco and Toledo. El Greco of Toledo (目錄). 小布朗出版. 1982. ASIN B-000H4-58C-Y. 
• Brown Jonathan, Kagan Richard L. View of Toledo. Studies in the History of Art. 1982, 11: 19–30. 
• Brown Jonathan, Mann Richard G. Tone. Spanish Paintings of the Fifteenth Through Nineteenth Centuries. 洛特列治 (英). 1997. ISBN 0-415-14889-8. 
• Byron, Robert. Greco: The Epilogue to Byzantine Culture. Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs (伯林顿杂志出版有限公司). October 1929, 55 (319): 160–174. 
• Constantoudaki, Maria. D. Theotocópoulos, from Candia to Venice (in Greek). Bulletin of the Christian Archeological Society. 1975–1976,. 8 (period IV): 55–71. 
• Cormack, Robin. Painting the Soul, Icons, Death Masks and Shrouds. 瑞科图书，伦敦. 1997. 
• Cossío, Manuel Bartolomé. El Greco (in Spanish). Victoriano Suárez，马德里. 1908. 
• Crow, John Armstrong. The Fine Arts — End of the Golden Age. Spain: The Root and the Flower. 加州大学出版. 1985. ISBN 0-520-05133-5. 
• Davies, David. The Byzantine Legacy in the Art of El Greco. El Greco of Crete (proceedings) edited by Nicos Hadjinicolaou. Herakleion. 1990. 
• Davies, David. The Influence of Christian Neo-Platonism on the Art of El Greco. El Greco of Crete (proceedings) edited by Nicos Hadjinicolaou. Herakleion. 1990. 
• Engass Robert, Brown Jonathan. Artistic Practice — El Greco versus the Hospital of Charity, Illescas. Italian and Spanish Art, 1600–1750. 西北大学出版. 1992. ISBN 0-8101-1065-2. 
• Fernádez, Francisco de San Román. De la Vida del Greco — Nueva Serie de Documentos Inéditos. Archivo Español del Arte y Arqueologia. 1927, 8: 172–184. 
• Foundoulaki, Efi. From El Greco to Cézanne. From El Greco to Cézanne (catalogue). 国家美术馆-Alexandros Soutsos Museum. 1992. 
• Foundoulaki, Efi. Reading El Greco through Manet (in Greek). Anti. 24 August 1990, (445): 40–47. 
• Gautier, Théophile. Chapitre X. Voyage en Espagne (in French). Gallimard-Jeunesse. 1981. ISBN 2-07-037295-2. 
• Greco, El. 大英百科全書. 2002. 
• Grierson, Ian. Who am Eye. The Eye Book. 利物浦大学出版. 2000. ISBN 0-85323-755-7. 
• Griffith, William. El Greco. Great Painters and Their Famous Bible Pictures. 基辛格出版. 2005. ISBN 1-4179-0608-1. 
• Gudiol, José. Doménicos Theotocópoulos, El Greco, 1541–1614. 维京出版. 1973. ASIN B-0006C-8T6-E. 
• Gudiol, José. Iconography and Chronology in El Greco's Paintings of St. Francis. Art Bulletin (学院艺术协会). September 1962, 44 (3): 195–203 [2010-01-08]. doi:10.2307/3048016. （原始内容存档于2020-05-28）. 
• Hadjinicolaou, Nicos. Doménicos Theotocópoulos, 450 Years from his Birth. El Greco of Crete (proceedings) edited by Nicos Hadjinicolaou. Herakleion. 1990. 
• Hadjinicolaou, Nicos. Inequalities in the work of Theotocópoulos and the Problems of their Interpretation. Meanings of the Image edited by Nicos Hadjinicolaou (in Greek). 克里特大学. 1994. ISBN 960-7309-65-0. 
• Harris, Enriquetta. A Decorative Scheme by El Greco. Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs (伯林顿杂志出版有限公司). April 1938, 72 (421): 154–155+157–159+162–164. 
• Helm, Robert Meredith. The Neoplatonic Tradition in the Art of El Greco. Neoplatonism and Western Aesthetics edited by Aphrodite Alexandrakis and Nicholas J. Moutafakis. SUNY 出版. 2001. ISBN 0-7914-5279-4. 
• Hispanic Society of America. El Greco in the Collection of the Hispanic Society of America. Printed by order of the trustees. 1927. 
• Johnson, Ron. Picasso's "Demoiselles d'Avignon" and the Theatre of the Absurd. Arts Magazine. October 1980, V (2): 102–113. 
• Kandinsky Wassily, Marc Franz. L'Almanach du "Blaue Reiter". Klincksieck. 1987. ISBN 2-252-02567-0. 
• Lambraki-Plaka, Marina. El Greco-The Greek. Kastaniotis. 1999. ISBN 960-03-2544-8. 
• Lambraki-Plaka, Marina. El Greco, the Puzzle. Doménicos Theotocópoulos today. To Vima. 19 April 1987. 
• Lambraki-Plaka, Marina. From El Greco to Cézanne (An "Imaginary Museum" with Masterpieces of Three Centuries). From El Greco to Cézanne (catalogue). National Gallery-Alexandros Soutsos Museum. 1992. 
• Landon, A.E. Reincarnation Magazine 1925. 基辛格出版. 2003. ISBN 0-7661-3775-9. 
• Lefaivre Liane, Tzonis Alexander. El Greco (Domenico Theotocopoulos). El Greco—The Greek. 洛特列治 (英). 2003. ISBN 0-415-26025-6. 
• Mango Cyril, Jeffreys Elizabeth. Towards a Franco-Greek Culture. The Oxford History of Byzantium. 牛津大学出版. 2002. ISBN 0-19-814098-3. 
• Mann, Richard G. Tradition and Originality in El Greco's Work (PDF). Journal of the Rocky Mountain (中世纪与文艺复兴协会). 2002, 23: 83–110 [2010-01-08]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-09-06）. 
• Marias, Fernando. El Greco's Artistic Thought. El Greco, Identity and Transformation edited by Alvarez Lopera. Skira. 1999. ISBN 88-8118-474-5. 
• Marias Fernando, Bustamante García Agustín. Las Ideas Artísticas de El Greco (in Spanish). Cátedra. 1981. ISBN 84-376-0263-7. 
• Mayer, Aygust L. El Greco — An Oriental Artist. Art Bulletin (学院艺术协会). June 1929, 11 (2): 146–152. doi:10.2307/3045440. 
• Mayer, Aygust L. Notes on the Early El Greco. Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs (伯林顿杂志出版有限公司). January 1939, 74 (430): 28–29+32–33. 
• Meier-Graefe, Julius. The Spanish Journey (translated form German by J. Holroyd-Reece). 乔纳森凯普出版社，伦敦. 1926. 
• Mertzios, K.D. Selections of the Registers of the Cretan Notary Michael Maras (1538–1578) (in Greek). Cretan Chronicles. 1961–1962, 2 (15–16): 55–71. 
• Nagvi-Peters, Fatima. A Turning Point in Rilke's Evolution: The Experience of El Greco. Germanic Review. 22 September 1997, 72 [2010-01-08]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-13）. 
• Pallucchini, Rodolfo. Some Early Works by El Greco. Burlington Magazine (伯林顿杂志出版有限公司). May 1948, 90 (542): 130–135, 137. 
• Panayotakis, Nikolaos M. "The Cretan Period of the Life of Doménicos Theotocópoulos. Festschrift In Honor Of Nikos Svoronos, Volume B. 克里特大学出版. 1986. 
• Pijoan, Joseph. El Greco — A Spaniard. Art Bulletin (学院艺术协会). March 1930, 12 (1): 12–19 [2010-01-08]. doi:10.2307/3050759. （原始内容存档于2020-05-28）. 
• Procopiou, Angelo. El Greco and Cretan Painting. Burlington Magazine (伯林顿杂志出版有限公司). March 1952, 94 (588): 74+76–80 [2010-01-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-28）. 
• Rassias John, Alexiou Christos, Bien Peter. Greco. Demotic Greek II: The Flying Telephone Booth. UPNE. 1982. ISBN 0-87451-208-5. 
• Richardson, John. Picasso's Apocalyptic Whorehouse. The New York Review of Books (伯林顿杂志出版有限公司). 23 April 1987, 34 (7): 40–47. 
• Salas, X. de. The Velazquez Exhibition in Madrid. Burlington Magazine. February 1961, 103 (695): 54–57 [2010-01-08]. （原始内容存档于2009-03-15）. 
• Sanders Alan, Kearney Richard. Changing Faces. The Wake of Imagination: Toward a Postmodern Culture. 洛特列治 (英). 1998. ISBN 0-415-11950-2. 
• Scholz-Hansel, Michael. El Greco. 塔森出版社. 1986. ISBN 3-8228-3171-9. 
• Sethre, Janet. El Greco. The Souls of Venice. McFarland & Company. 2003. ISBN 0-7864-1573-8. 
• Sheehanl, J.J. Critiques of a Museum Culture. Museums in the German Art World. 美国牛津大学出版. 2000. ISBN 0-19-513572-5. 
• Souchère de la, Dor. Picasso à Antibes (in French). Fernan Hazan (巴黎). 1960. 
• Talbot Rice, David. David Piper , 编. Enjoying Paintings. 伦敦: Penguin. 1964. ASIN B-000-BGRP4-C. 
• Tazartes, Mauricia. El Greco (Sofia Giannetsou 譯自希臘文). Explorer. 2005. ISBN 960-7945-83-2. 
• Theotocópoulos, Doménicos. 太陽神百科全書. 1952. 
• Valliere, James T. The El Greco Influence on Jackson Pollock's Early Works. Art Journal (学院艺术协会). Autumn 1964, 24 (1): 6–9. doi:10.2307/774739. 
• Wethey, Harold E. El Greco and his School (Volume II). 普林斯顿大学出版. 1962. ASIN B-0007D-NZV-6. 
• Wethey, Harold E. El Greco in Rome and the Portrait of Vincenzo Anastagi. Studies in the History of Art. 1984, 13: 171–178. 
• Wethey, Harold E. Letter to the Editor. Art Bulletin (学院艺术协会). March 1966, 48 (1): 125–127. 

线上资料

• Alberge, Dalya. Collector Is Vindicated as Icon Is Hailed as El Greco. 线上时代杂志. 2006-08-24 [2006-12-17]. 
• Berg, Liisa. El Greco in Toledo. [2006-10-14]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-28）. 
• Cormack, Robin; Vassilaki Maria. The Baptism of Christ New Light on Early El Greco. 阿波罗杂志. August 2005 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2009-03-15）. 
• Art: Dominick the Greek. Time. January 1941 [2009-08-28]. （原始内容存档于2010-06-26）. 
• El Greco. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Department of European Paintings. [2006-10-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-01-12）. 
• El Greco Drawings could fetch £400,000. 卫报. 2002-11-23 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-10）. 
• Film on life of painter El Greco planned, Athens. 雅典通讯社. 2006-05-09 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-11）. 
• Greece buys unique El Greco for 1.2 million dollars, Athens. 雅典通讯社. 1995-06-09 [2006-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-29）. 
• Hamerman, Nora. El Greco Paintings Lead Toward 'City of God'. 天主教先驱报. 2003-12-04 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-27）. 
• Harrison, Helen A. Art Review; Getting in Touch With That Inner El Greco. 纽约时报. 2005-03-20 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-12）. 
• Horsley, Carter B. The Shock of the Old. [2006-10-26]. （原始内容存档于2006-11-12）. 
• Irving, Mark. How to Beat the Spanish Inquisition. 周日独立报. 2004-02-08 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-13）. 
• Jones, Jonathan. The Reluctant Disciple. 卫报. 2004-01-24 [2006-12-18]. （原始内容存档于2006-09-02）. 
• Kakissis, Joanna. A Cretan Village that Was the Painter's Birthplace Bridles at a nearby Town's Claim. 波士顿环球报. 2005-03-06 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2005-03-11）. 
• Katimertzi, Paraskevi. Cubism and El Greco (Ta Nea). [2006-12-04]. （原始内容存档于2005-11-27）. 
• Kimmelman, Michael. Art Review; El Greco, Bearer Of Many Gifts. 纽约时报. 2003-10-03 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-11）. 
• McGarr, Simon. St Francis Receiving The Stigmata. [2006-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2007-02-07）. 
• Penny, Nicholas. At the National Gallery. [2006-10-25]. （原始内容存档于2006-12-10）. 
• Revelations — The first Major British Retrospective of El Greco Has the Power of a Hand Grenade. 卫报. 2004-02-10 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-13）. 
• Romaine, James. El Greco's Mystical Vision. [2006-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2006-12-14）. 
• Russel, John. Art View; Seeing the Art of El Greco as never before. 纽约时报. 1982-07-18 [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-11）. 

延伸阅读

• Aznar, José Camón. Dominico Greco. Madrid. 1950. 
• Davies, David (Editor), Elliott, John H. (Editor), Bray, Xavier (Contributor), Christiansen, Keith (Contributor), Finaldi, Gabriele (Contributor). El Greco (catalogue). National Gallery London. 2006. ISBN 1-85709-938-9. 
• Marias, Fernando. El Greco in Toledo. Scala Publishers. 2005. ISBN 1-85759-210-7. 
• Pallucchini, Rodolfo. II Polittico del Greco della R. Gallena Estense e la Formazione dell'Artista (in Italian). Gazzetta dell' Emilia. March 7, 1937, 13: 171–178. 
• Prevelakis, Pandelis. Theotocópoulos—Biography (in Greek). Aetos. 1942. 
• Rice, Talbot. El Greco and Byzantium. The New York Review of Books (The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.). January 1937, 70 (406): 34+38–39. 

外部链接

• 埃尔·格列柯基金会 - 虚拟艺廊 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• 生平與旅行. 美国国家艺术馆. [2006-10-25]. （原始内容存档于2006-11-10）. 
• 埃爾·格雷考. Olga's Gallery. [2007-02-26]. （原始内容存档于2007-02-22）. 
• 埃尔·格列柯 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• 埃尔·格列柯 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） （希腊文）