中部美洲
外观
(重定向自美索美洲)
中部美洲,又译美索美洲(英语:Mesoamerica),是一个历史上的地区和文化区,地理上位于北美洲。覆盖区域自中部墨西哥延伸经过伯利兹、危地马拉、萨尔瓦多、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜,一直到哥斯达黎加北部。 中部美洲文明指的是西班牙殖民前(又称前哥伦布时期)的这段文明[1][2]。 中部美洲是世界六大古代文明地区之一,同时也是美洲文明之一(另一为小北文明,位于今秘鲁)。基本上“中美洲”一词主要为地理上的概念,而“中部美洲”则以文化历史上的分界而言,比“中美洲”涵盖的范围更大。
中部美洲文明共有的特色包括:这些文明的雕刻上常可发现三石壁炉图腾概念(暗示了他们的居家环境);某种凉鞋的穿着;以及以玉米为主的集约农业;他们崇拜的神话系统都包括一个雨神、一个太阳神、一个羽蛇神(亦即阿兹特克人的克察尔科亚特尔);科技包括一套二十进制的数字系统,以及每年260日为周期的神历和另一套太阳历(见:中美洲历法);在建筑方面,这些印地安人建筑了阶梯延伸至顶端的金字塔;在娱乐方面,他们发展出具有宗教意义的球赛(见:中美洲蹴球);除这些以外,还有各式各样的艺术及文化传统。
中部美洲同时也是人类语言学上的一个标准范例:所有主要的中美洲语言都表现出某个共同特征集合的部分特色。中部美洲的经济及地理政治都受惠自通用语的大量使用,也就是纳瓦特尔语至少从7世纪开始的广泛使用;这样的发展可能还可向前推2,000年。
中部美洲文明包括奥尔梅克、特奥蒂瓦坎、萨波特克、马雅、米斯特克、瓦斯特克、托托纳克、托尔特克、塔拉斯卡,以及阿兹特克。
参见
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ "Meso-America," 牛津英语词典, 2nd ed. (rev.) 2002. (ISBN 0-19-860652-4) Oxford, UK: 牛津大学出版社; p. 906.
- ^ (2000): Atlas del México Prehispánico. Revista Arqueología mexicana. Número especial 5. Julio de 2000. Raíces/ Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. México.
书籍
[编辑]- Adams, Richard E. W.; MacLeod (eds.), Murdo J. Cambridge History of the Native peoples of The Americas. 2: Mesoamerica. Cambridge University Press. 2000.
- Braswell, Geoffrey E. Introduction: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction. Geoffrey E. Braswell (Ed.) (编). The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction. Austin: University of Texas Press. 2003: 1–44. ISBN 978-0-292-70587-6. OCLC 49936017.
- Campbell, Lyle. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, 4. William Bright (series general ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 978-0-19-509427-5. OCLC 32923907.
- Campbell, Lyle; Kaufman, Terrence; Smith-Stark, Thomas. Meso-America as a linguistic area. Language. September 1986, 62 (3): 530–58. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 415477. OCLC 1361911. doi:10.2307/415477.
- Carmack, Robert M.; Gasco, Janine L.; Gossen, Gary H. Legacy of Mesoamerica, The: History and Culture of a Native American Civilization. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1996. ISBN 978-0-13-337445-2.
- Carrasco, Davíd; Jones, Lindsay; Sessions, Scott. Mesoamerica's Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. 2002.
- Coe, Michael D. Mexico: from the Olmecs to the Aztecs 4th edition, Revised and Enlarged. New York: Thames & Hudson. 1994 [1962]. ISBN 978-0-500-27722-5.
- Diehl, Richard A. The Olmecs: America's First Civilization. London: Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 978-0-500-28503-9.
- Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 1999. ISBN 978-0-393-31755-8.
- Filloy Nadal, Laura. Rubber and Rubber Balls in Mesoamerica. E. Michael Whittington (Ed.) (编). The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 20–31. ISBN 978-0-500-05108-5.
- Gamio, Manuel. La Población del Valle de Teotihuacán: Representativa de las que Habitan las Regiones Rurales del Distrito Federal y de los Estados de Hidalgo, Puebla, México y Tlaxcala 2 vols. in 3. Mexico City: Talleres Gráficos de la Secretaría de Educación Pública. 1922 (西班牙语).
- Gibson, Charles. The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964.
- Kirchhoff, Paul. Mesoamérica. Sus Límites Geográficos, Composición Étnica y Caracteres Culturales. Acta Americana. 1943, 1 (1): 92–107 (西班牙语).
- Leyenaar, Ted. The Modern Ballgames of Sinaloa: a Survival of the Aztec Ullamaliztli. E. Michael Whittington (Ed.) (编). The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 97–115. ISBN 978-0-500-05108-5.
- Lockhart, James. The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1992. ISBN 978-8047-19278 请检查
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值 (帮助). OCLC 24283718. - López Austin, Alfredo; López Luján, Leonardo. El pasado indígena. Mexico City: El Colegio de México. 1996. ISBN 978-968-16-4890-9 (西班牙语).
- O'Brien, Patrick (ed.). Oxford Atlas of World History. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005.
- Markman, Roberta H.; Markman, Peter T. The Flayed God: the Mesoamerican Mythological Tradition; Sacred Texts and Images from pre-Columbian Mexico and Central America. San Francisco: Harper. 1992. ISBN 978-0-06-250528-6. OCLC 25507756.
- Mendoza, Ruben G. Mesoamerican Chronology: Periodization 2. 2001: 222–226. ISBN 978-0-19-510815-6.
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被忽略 (帮助) - Palerm, Ángel. Agricultura y civilización en Mesoamérica. Mexico: Secretaría de Educación Pública. 1972. ISBN 978-968-13-0994-7 (西班牙语).
- Restall, Matthew. Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest 1st pbk. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-19-517611-7. OCLC 56695639.
- Sahagún, Bernardino de. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, 13 vols. in 12. vols. I–XII. Charles E. Dibble and Arthur J. O. Anderson (eds., trans., notes and illus.) translation of Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España. Santa Fe, NM and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah Press. 1950–82 [ca. 1540–85]. ISBN 978-0-87480-082-1. OCLC 276351.
- Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P. The Ancient Maya 6th. Stanford University Press. 2006.
- Smith, Michael E. The Aztecs first. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 1997. ISBN 978-0-631-23015-1. OCLC 48579073.
- Smith, Michael E. City Size in Late Post-Classic Mesoamerica (PDF). Journal of Urban History. May 2005, 31 (4): 403–34. ISSN 0096-1442. OCLC 1798556. doi:10.1177/0096144204274396. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-10-08).
- Smith, Michael E.; Masson, Marilyn. The Ancient Civilizations of Mesoamerica: A Reader. Wiley-Blackwell. 2000.
- Suaréz, Jorge A. The Mesoamerican Indian Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1983. ISBN 978-0-521-22834-3. OCLC 8034800.
- Miller, Mary; Taube, Karl. The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. London: Thames & Hudson. 1993. ISBN 978-0-500-05068-2. OCLC 27667317.
- Taladoire, Eric. The Architectural Background of the Pre-Hispanic Ballgame. E. Michael Whittington (Ed.) (编). The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 97–115. ISBN 978-0-500-05108-5.
- Wauchope, Robert, general editor. Handbook of Middle American Indians. Austin: University of Texas Press 1964-1976.
- Weaver, Muriel Porter. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica 3rd. San Diego: Academic Press. 1993. ISBN 978-0-01-263999-3.
- Zeitlin, Robert N.; Judith Zeitlin. The Paleoindian and Archaic Cultures of Mesoamerica 2. 2000: 45–122. ISBN 978-0-521-35165-2.
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被忽略 (帮助)
外部链接
[编辑]- Maya Culture
- Mesoweb.com: a comprehensive site for Mesoamerican civilizations(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Museum of the Templo Mayor (Mexico) (西班牙文)
- National Museum of Anthropology and History (Mexico) (西班牙文)
- Selected bibliography concerning war in Mesoamerica (西班牙文)
- WAYEB: European Association of Mayanists(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Arqueologia Iberoamericana(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆): Open access international scientific journal devoted to the archaeological study of the American and Iberian peoples. It contains research articles on Mesoamerica.
- Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520–1820
- Google Scholar Citations: Mesoamerica. [2019-01-27]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-08).