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组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂

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组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂(英语:HDAC inhibitor,简写HDIHDAC抑制剂)是一种透过抑制身体内组蛋白脱乙酰酶功能的药物类别,亦存在于胎儿四川胡椒内。现时有健康食品生产商建议透过进食花椒油而达至防癌的功效。

现时医学界有研究透过“组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂”来治疗癌症[1]神经退行性疾病(neurodegenerative diseases)。这些抑制剂的具体机制,例如有关的化合物如何达到有关的功效,到现在还未清楚。不过,有关文献亦有提出可能的表观遗传学途径[2] Richon et al.[3]发现HDAC抑制剂可以透过引导p21英语p21 (WAF1)来调节P53肿瘤抑制功能[4]。对于 HDAC 抑制剂如何调控基因表达 ,目前已有比较大的进展。持续的研究 HDAC 抑制剂的调节基因机制,将快速促进新药设计及生物标记的鉴定[5]

通路

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HDAC参与了视网膜母细胞瘤蛋白抑制细胞增殖的通路。pRb蛋白是一个复合物的组成部分,该复合物将HDAC吸引到染色质上以使其去乙酰化组蛋白。[6]HDAC1通过直接相互作用负调控心血管转录因子Kruppel样因子5。[7]

雌激素已被确认是一种有丝分裂原,通过与雌激素受体α(ERalpha)结合而参与乳腺癌的肿瘤发生和进展。最新数据表明,由HDAC和DNA甲基化介导的染色质失活是人类乳腺癌细胞中ERalpha沉默的关键组成部分。[8]

HDAC抑制剂也与某些基因启动子的抑制有关。然而,这可能是由于其他负调控蛋白活性的增加所致。例如包括SAHA英语SAHA, LAQ824/LBH589, CI994, MS275英语MS275莫塞替诺特[9]

药用HDI

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不少已经在使用的药物被发现同时具有抑制第I、II、IV类HDAC的功能,都是靠和锌原子结合起效。2005年已有的化学结构种类按照结合强度递减,有:[10]

  1. 异羟肟酸类(或羟胺酯类),例如曲古抑菌素A英语trichostatin A
  2. 环状四肽英语tetrapeptide类(如曲泊肽B),以及环肽类,如罗米地辛英语romidepsin波可地辛
  3. 苯胺类,
  4. 亲电子类,以及
  5. 脂肪酸类化合物,如丙戊酸苯丁酸钠英语Sodium phenylbutyrate

2007年新开发出的种类有:

第三类HDAC即Sirtuin英语Sirtuin基于NAD+工作,可被细胞内的烟酰胺抑制。[13]

参考

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  1. ^ Marks, Paul A; Dokmanovic, Milos. Histone deacetylase inhibitors: discovery and development as anticancer agents. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2005-12, 14 (12): 1497-1511. ISSN 1354-3784. PMID 16307490. doi:10.1517/13543784.14.12.1497 (英语). 
  2. ^ Monneret, Claude. Histone deacetylase inhibitors for epigenetic therapy of cancer. Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2007-04, 18 (4): 363-370. ISSN 0959-4973. doi:10.1097/CAD.0b013e328012a5db (美国英语). 
  3. ^ Richon, Victoria M.; Sandhoff, Todd W.; Rifkind, Richard A.; Marks, Paul A. Histone deacetylase inhibitor selectively induces p21WAF1 expression and gene-associated histone acetylation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2000-08-29, 97 (18): 10014-10019. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 27656可免费查阅. PMID 10954755. doi:10.1073/pnas.180316197. 
  4. ^ El-Deiry, Wafik S.; Tokino, Takashi; Velculescu, Victor E.; Levy, Daniel B.; Parsons, Ramon; Trent, Jeffrey M.; Lin, David; Mercer, W.Edward; Kinzler, Kenneth W.; Vogelstein, Bert. WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression. Cell. 1993-11, 75 (4): 56-84. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90500-P (英语). 
  5. ^ Chueh, Anderly C.; Tse, Janson W.T.; Tögel, Lars; Mariadason, John M. Mechanisms of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor-Regulated Gene Expression in Cancer Cells. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2015-07, 23 (1): 66-84. ISSN 1523-0864. PMC 4492771可免费查阅. PMID 24512308. doi:10.1089/ars.2014.5863. 
  6. ^ Brehm, Alexander; Miska, Eric A.; McCance, Dennis J.; Reid, Juliet L.; Bannister, Andrew J.; Kouzarides, Tony. Retinoblastoma protein recruits histone deacetylase to repress transcription. Nature. 1998-02, 391 (6667): 597-601. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/35404 (英语). 
  7. ^ Matsumura, Takayoshi; Suzuki, Toru; Aizawa, Kenichi; Munemasa, Yoshiko; Muto, Shinsuke; Horikoshi, Masami; Nagai, Ryozo. The Deacetylase HDAC1 Negatively Regulates the Cardiovascular Transcription Factor Krüppel-like Factor 5 through Direct Interaction *. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2005-04-01, 280 (13): 12123-12129. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 15668237. doi:10.1074/jbc.M410578200 (英语). 
  8. ^ Zhang, Zhenhuan; Yamashita, Hiroko; Toyama, Tatsuya; Sugiura, Hiroshi; Ando, Yoshiaki; Mita, Keiko; Hamaguchi, Maho; Hara, Yasuo; Kobayashi, Shunzo; Iwase, Hirotaka. Quantitation of HDAC1 mRNA Expression in Invasive Carcinoma of the Breast*. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2005-11-01, 94 (1): 11-16. ISSN 1573-7217. doi:10.1007/s10549-005-6001-1 (英语). 
  9. ^ Beckers, Thomas; Burkhardt, Carmen; Wieland, Heike; Gimmnich, Petra; Ciossek, Thomas; Maier, Thomas; Sanders, Karl. Distinct pharmacological properties of second generation HDAC inhibitors with the benzamide or hydroxamate head group. International Journal of Cancer. 2007-09, 121 (5): 138-148. ISSN 0020-7136. PMID 17455259. doi:10.1002/ijc.22751 (英语). 
  10. ^ Drummond, Daryl C.; Noble, Charles O.; Kirpotin, Dmitri B.; Guo, Zexiong; Scott, Gary K.; Benz, Christopher C. CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS AS ANTICANCER AGENTS. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2005-09-22, 45 (1): 495-528. ISSN 0362-1642. PMID 15822187. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095825 (英语). 
  11. ^ Beckers, Thomas; Burkhardt, Carmen; Wieland, Heike; Gimmnich, Petra; Ciossek, Thomas; Maier, Thomas; Sanders, Karl. Distinct pharmacological properties of second generation HDAC inhibitors with the benzamide or hydroxamate head group. International Journal of Cancer. 2007-09, 121 (5): 1138-1148. ISSN 0020-7136. PMID 17455259. doi:10.1002/ijc.22751 (英语). 
  12. ^ Acharya, Milin R.; Sparreboom, Alex; Venitz, Jürgen; Figg, William D. Rational Development of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents: A Review. Molecular Pharmacology. 2005-10, 68 (4): 917-932. ISSN 0026-895X. PMID 15955865. S2CID 1439957. doi:10.1124/mol.105.014167. 
  13. ^ Porcu, Marco; Chiarugi, Alberto. The emerging therapeutic potential of sirtuin-interacting drugs: from cell death to lifespan extension. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 2005-02-01, 26 (2): 94-103. ISSN 0165-6147. PMID 15681027. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2004.12.009 (英语).