吉茲語
| 吉茲語 | |
|---|---|
| 格厄茲語 | |
| ግዕዝ Gəʿəz | |
| 發音 | 國際音標：[ɡɨʕɨz] |
| 母語國家和地區 | 厄立特里亞、衣索比亞 |
| 語言滅亡 | 估計在4世紀[1]至10世紀之間[2]。 仍然作為禮拜語言使用[3]。 |
| 語系 | |
| 文字 | 吉茲字母 |
| 官方地位 | |
| 作為官方語言 | 衣索比亞正教會、厄立特里亞正教會、衣索比亞禮天主教會[3]及貝塔以色列人[4]的禮拜語言。 |
| 語言代碼 | |
| ISO 639-2 | gez |
| ISO 639-3 | gez |
吉茲語[5][6]（英語：Geʽez，/ˈɡiːɛz/[7][8]）或格厄茲語[9]（吉茲語：ግዕዝ，Gəʿəz，國際音標：[ɡɨʕɨz][註 1]），又稱古典衣索比亞語，是一種古代的語言，現在只作宗教用途。這種語言在東非洲的非洲之角、衣索比亞高原之上發展。
語音學
[編輯]母音
[編輯]| 前 | 央 | 後 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 閉 | /i/ i | /ɨ/ ə | /u/ u |
| 中 | /e/ e | /o/ o | |
| 次開 | /æ ~ ɐ/[a] a | ||
| 開 | /a ~ ɑ/[b] ā | ||
- ä [æ] < Proto-Semitic *a
- u [u:] < Proto-Semitic *ū
- i [i:] < Proto-Semitic *ī
- a [a:] < Proto-Semitic *ā
- e [e:] < Proto-Semitic *ay
- ə [ɨ] < Proto-Semitic *i, *u
- o [o:] < Proto-Semitic *aw
註解
[編輯]註釋
[編輯]- ^ Evans De Lacy O'Leary, 2000 "Comparative grammar of the semitic languages". Routledge. P 23.
- ^ Gene Gragg 1997. "The Semitic Languages". Taylor & Francis. Robert Hetzron Ed. ISBN 978-0-415-05767-7.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 "No longer in popular use, Ge'ez has always remained the language of the Church", [CHA]
- ^ "They read the Bible in Geez" (Leaders and Religion of the Falashas); "after each passage, recited in Geez, the translation is read in Kailina" (Festivals). [PER]. Note the publication date of this source.
- ^ 唐作藩. 中国语言文字学大辞典. 中國大百科全書出版社. 2007: 6. ISBN 9787500076803.
- ^ 簡明大英百科全書. 臺灣中華書局. 1988: 56, 625.
- ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
- ^ Geez. 牛津英語詞典 (第三版). 牛津大學出版社. 2005-09 （英語）.
- ^ 洪放. 死海古卷. 揭示二千年前聖經真貌（下）. 基督教週報. No. 2487 (香港華人基督教聯會). 2012-04-22 [2020-09-30]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-20） （中文（繁體））.
- ^ Gragg 1997a，第177頁: "/ä/ is low central front, higher and more forward than /a/, secondarily perhaps also shorter; approximates IPA [æ]."
- ^ Lambdin 1978，第3頁: "a [æ, ä]"
- ^ Lambdin 1978，第3頁: "ā [a, ɑ]"
參考文獻
[編輯]- [BUD] Budge, E. A. Wallis. 1928. A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia, Oosterhout, the Netherlands: Anthropological Publications, 1970.
- CHA Chain, M. Ethiopia transcribed by: Donahue M. in The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume V. Published 1909. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Nihil Obstat, May 1, 1909. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. + John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York
- [DIR] Diringer, David. 1968. The Alphabet, A Key To The History of Mankind.
- [KOB] Kobishchanov, Yuri M. 1979. Axum in SomeCollectionOfWritings[來源請求], edited by Joseph W. Michels; translated by: Lorraine T. Kapitanoff. University Park, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania. ISBN 978-0-271-00531-7.
- MAT Matara Aksumite & Pre-Aksumite City Webpage
- MUN（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Munro-Hay Stuart. 1991. Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0106-6.
- [PAN68] Pankhurst, Richard K.P. 1968.An Economic History of Ethiopia, 1800-1935, Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University Press.
- PAN03 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Pankhurst, Richard K.P. A Glimpse into 16th. Century Ethiopian History Abba 'Enbaqom, Imam Ahmad Ibn Ibrahim, and the "Conquest of Abyssinia". Addis Tribune. November 14, 2003.
- PER （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Perruchon, J. D. and Gottheil, Richard. Falashas in The Jewish Encyclopidia. 1901-1906.
延伸閱讀
[編輯]- 語法
- Aläqa Tayyä, Maṣḥafa sawāsəw. Monkullo: Swedish Mission 1896/7 (=1889 according to the Ethiopian calendar).
- Dillmann, August; Bezold, Carl, Ethiopic Grammar, 2nd edition translated from German by James Crichton, London 1907. ISBN 978-1-59244-145-7 (2003 reprint). (Published in German: ¹1857, ²1899).
- Kidanä Wäld Kəfle, Maṣḥafa sawāsəw wagəss wamazgaba ḳālāt ḥaddis ("A new grammar and dictionary"), Dire Dawa: Artistik Matämiya Bet 1955/6 (=1948 according to the Ethiopian calendar).
- Lambdin, Thomas O., Introduction to Classical Ethiopic, Harvard Semitic Studies 24, Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press 1978. ISBN 978-0-89130-263-6.
- Stefan Weninger, Ge'ez grammar, Munich, ISBN 978-3-929075-04-5 (1st edition), ISBN 978-3-89586-604-3 (2nd revised edition).
- Gene Gragg Ge`ez Phonology, in: Phonologies of Asia and Africa (Vol 1), ed. A. S. Kaye & P. T. Daniels, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana (1997).
- 文學
- Taddesse Adera, Ali Jimale Ahmed (eds.), Silence Is Not Golden: A Critical Anthology of Ethiopian Literature, Red Sea Press (1995), ISBN 978-0-932415-47-9.
- Jon Bonk, Annotated and Classified Bibliography of English Literature Pertaining to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, Atla Bibliography Series, Scarecrow Pr (1984), ISBN 978-0-8108-1710-4.
- 詞典
- Dillmann, August, Lexicon linguæ Æthiopicæ cum indice Latino, Lipsiae 1865.
- Leslau, Wolf, Comparative Dictionary of Geez (Classical Ethiopic): Geez-English, English-Geez, with an Index of the Semitic Roots, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 1987. ISBN 978-3-447-02592-8.
- idem, Concise Dictionary of Ge`ez (Classical Ethiopic), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 1989. ISBN 978-3-447-02873-8.
- Ludolf, Hiob, Lexicon Aethiopico-Latinum, Ed. by J. M. Wansleben, London 1661.
- Wemmers, J., Lexicon Aethiopicum, Rome 1638.
參閲
[編輯]外部連結
[編輯]- A blog on Classical Ethiopic (Ge'ez)（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- J. M.Harden, An Introduction to Ethiopic Christian Literature (1926)
- Unicode Chart（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- Senamirmir Projects: Free Ethiopic Font (Win32, MacOS, Linux) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- The Bible in Ge'ez （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- Researcher identifies second-oldest Ethiopian manuscript in existence in HMML’s archives （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Walta Information Center (10 December 2010)
- LIBRARY OF ETHIOPIAN TEXTS
- Äthiopische Texte
- Ethiopic Character Entry （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Dr. Aberra Molla ዶ/ር ኣበራ ሞላ
- Collection of Ge'ez proverbs
- Collection of Ge'ez qine
